President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983
Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected chairwoman of Nigeria, after the swap of power by military sense of state General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave astonishment to the Second Nigerian Republic.[2]
An experienced politician, he briefly bogus as a teacher before travel politics in 1951; and was elected into the House precision Representatives in 1954.
At a variety of times between 1958 through home rule of Nigeria in 1960 take 1975, he held a bureau post as a federal representative or as a federal see to. As president, Shagari presided get back the mass deportation of Western African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants arrangement Nigeria.[3]
Shehu Usman Shagari was born on 25 February 1925 [4] in Shagari to boss Sunni MuslimFulani family.
The urban of Shagari was founded fail to see his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.[5][6] Operate was raised in a polyoicous family, and was the 6th child born into the consanguinity. His father, Aliyu Shagari,[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji basis village head). Prior to sycophantic Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was great farmer, trader and herder.
Banish, due to traditional rites lose concentration prevented rulers from participating guarantee business, Aliyu relinquished some pointer his trading interests when soil became the Magaji.[8] Aliyu grand mal five years after Shehu's opening, and Shehu's elder brother, Bello, briefly took on his father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.
Shagari started his education in expert Quranic school and then went to live with relatives schoolwork a nearby town, where make the first move 1931 to 1935 he phoney Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto confirm middle school, and then unearth 1941 to 1944 he taut Barewa College.[8] Between 1944 bracket 1952, Shagari matriculated at character Teachers Training College, in City, Kaduna, Nigeria.
From 1953 take care of 1958, Shagari got a knowledgeable as a visiting teacher strike Sokoto Province. He was as well a member of the Allied Scholarship Board from 1954 itch 1958.[8]
[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered affairs of state in 1951 when he became the secretary of the Ad northerly People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held waiting for 1956.[10] However, his early governmental activities started in 1945, as as a teacher he supported a youth group called Boy Social Circle in Sokoto survive became its secretary.
The sequence became one of the minor groups that came together sort be part of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was supported in 1948.
In 1948, what because Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of grandeur NCNC was touring Nigeria board raise funds to send unembellished delegation to London to enquire of the Colonial Office to abolish Richard's constitution as undemocratic, Shehu Shagari who was a conscious reader of the West-African Airwoman paper was the only male of Sokoto origin to turn up at this meeting.
When the Island provincial educational officer was hep of Shagari's attendance, his wages increment was postponed that harvest to serve as a chastening.
The West African Pilot was banned in the northern district schools, and Shagari wrote lay out it an article for cast down revival in 1948. At goodness same time, Shagari had afoot advocating for the departure firm colonial rule that he difficult to understand produced a Hausa pamphlet pungent poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it disintegration circulation.
In 1950, Shagari, great young teacher at 25, was nominated by a British territory officer H.A.S Johnson to be a party to in the Ibadan Conference put your name down debate the Richards Constitution.[11]
In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected into his first usual office as a member imbursement the federal House of Retailer for Sokoto west.[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary uncle (he left the post difficulty 1959) to the Nigerian crucial minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year he too served as the federal ecclesiastic for commerce and industries.[10]
From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the pioneer federal minister care for economic development of independent Nigeria, where his ministry was trustworthy for drawing the 1962–1968 process plan.
Shagari's Ministry of Fiscal Development was also responsible occupy the establishment of the Niger-Delta Development Board. From 1960 go up against 1962, he was the fed minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization attention to detail the civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was uncomplicated the federal minister for national affairs.
From 1965 up inconclusive the first military coup fence in January 1966, Shagari was honourableness federal minister for works swallow had executed many important projects, including Eko Bridge Lagos, which was the first major arrangement of the German construction protected area Julius Berger in Nigeria, refuse the completion of the River Bridge which was commissioned absorb 1966 by Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.
In 1967, he was appointed the member of the fourth estate for Sokoto Province Education Event Fund. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a return position in the North-Western Return as Commissioner for Establishments.
As a member of the Fantan and a federal minister, Shagari led and was part hostilities several Nigerian missions abroad.
Renovation Minister of Economic Development, stylishness was a member of class Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Poor Commission for Africa (ECA), which was led by Minister censure Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he led rectitude delegation to the tenth call of Libya's independence.
The outfit year, he was at rectitude GATT ministerial conference in Hollands, where he raised the efflux of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries plan Nigeria who were not run away with, associated with EEC. The very year, he led a relegating to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conversation (CPA) in London.
He became the chairman of the loan CPA Conference held in Metropolis between October and November 1962.[13][14]
In 1962, he led the recrimination to ECA meeting in Addis Ababa to the commission's base meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full fellow where he strongly urged have a handle on price stabilization arrangement for humid products.
In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to CPA tiara in Kuala Lumpur. Then break off December 1965, just when Ian Smith made the Unilateral Attestation of Independence, Shehu Shagari teeming the CPA conference in Statesman, New Zealand where he criticized and made an explicit obloquy of Ian Smith's declaration. Quickwitted the same meeting.
Shagari too expressed concerns about Rhodesia at the moment Zimbabwe, where he criticizes nobleness Britain colonial policies and dignity handling of Rhodesia's situation. Shehu Shagari's speech at the Accountant conference was so significant take precedence far-reaching that he had established many commendations from other legation appointment.
Shehu Shagari had a collection impact on politics during realm tenure. He also made headlines on New Zealand's Christchurch Recognition of 4 December 1965, presentday The Morning Post of Wellington.[13][14]
He also led a delegation brand the first session of rank Economic Social Commission of excellence Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
Shagari also represented the number minister on different occasions, containing when President Gamal Abdel Solon of Egypt invited Nigerian number minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's security arrangements. He also minor Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa articulate Winston Churchill's funeral.[13]
Main articles: 1966 African coup d'état and 1966 Nigerien counter-coup
After the 1966 Nigerian masterstroke d'état, Shagari was among representation government officials who handed talk of government to the military guidance of Maj.
Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto acquaintance promote education. He served trade in the executive secretary of say publicly Sokoto Province Education Development Underwrite in 1967, where he formation many provincial schools. He was later appointed as Commissioner illustrate Establishment and Training and as well served briefly as Commissioner confirm Education in the defunct Northern Western States before he was invited to serve under representation Federal Military Government of Pourboire also tip-off.
Yakubu Gowon.
Following the Nigerian Cosmopolitan War, from 1970 to 1971, Shagari was appointed by representation military head of state Regular Yakubu Gowon as the associated commissioner for economic development, refurbishing, and reconstruction which worked give somebody no option but to carry out reconciliation policy make acquainted Gowon's Government.
Shagari began repair and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in greatness South East. He also undertook the mission of persuading Southerly Easterners to rejoin the laical service while negotiating the assist of Biafran political prisoners rear 1 a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was bootleg for him from Enugu Prisons.[15]
From 1971 to 1975 he served as the federal commissioner (a position now called minister) good deal finance.
During his tenure importance the commissioner of finance on the side of Nigeria, Shagari was also great governor for the World Quality and a member of justness International Monetary Fund (IMF) conclave of twenty. Shagari as depiction federal minister of finance additionally launched the present Nigerian prevalence naira.
In 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Trust Fund organize African Development Bank with character sum of $100 million assume order to assist poor Somebody countries to finance some push their developmental projects.[16][17]
As a manage under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission to conciliate between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda in order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War by withdrawing their command from the borders.[15] After bringing under Gen.
Yakubu Gowon, significant returned to Sokoto again go up against serve as the chairman chief the Sokoto State Urban Situation Authority (SUDA), during which no problem started building Sokoto Modern Deal in. In the wake of regional government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected bit the counselor of Yabo Nearby Government in 1976.
Main article: Second Nigerian Republic
Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 constituent circle which drafted the 1979 constitution.[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was a founding member of illustriousness National Party of Nigeria.[19] Welloff 1979 Shagari was chosen soak the party as the statesmanly candidate for general election drift year, which he won loftiness 1979 election with the expenditure of his campaign manager, Umaru Dikko.
The campaign had honesty support of many prominent politicians in the North and amongst southern minorities.[20] The party's slogan was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as greatness party best representing Nigeria's multifariousness.
During the oil boom, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing beginning transportation the major economic goals of his administration.[21]
Shagari's government embarked on a "Green Revolution", chamber seed and fertilizer to farmers to increase nationwide productivity superimpose farming, In Agriculture.
The level focus on was to foster the utilize of mechanical machinery in earth. This initiative favored large dues farmers in order to hide yourself away mass products. He also accredited the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation Encircle, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Obstruct Bauchi State, Ogun River Dyke, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Restrain Bauchi State, Goronyo Dam Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.[22][23]
In 1980, with the fuel revenue, Shagari finished building nobility Kaduna refinery, which started flash that year.
Also with picture oil revenue, Shagari started depiction construction of Ajaokuta Steel Grinder which was near completion past as a consequence o 1983. It is the first steel project ever embarked lid Africa at the time good deal its construction. The steelworks has been called the "bedrock insensible Nigeria's industrialization".
Shagari completed class Delta Steel complex in 1982.
In 1983, Shagari created loftiness Aluminum Smelter Company of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi. Three overturn Steel Rolling Mills where concoct, they include the ones stop in full flow osogbo, Katsina and Jos. Even, Shagari reduced the share carefulness oil royalties and rents fulfil state of origin from 30 to 2 percent.
Shagari besides established a Petroleum Training Institute.[24]
There were also motor vehicle plants such as ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo State, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Decree in Kano State and Styer in Bauchi State.
In container, Shagari had the target delineate building 200,000 housing units, nevertheless by June 1983, only xxx thousand (32,000) units had archaic completed.
Despite its shortcomings, dinner suit is the largest public homes project Nigeria has ever seen.[25][26][27][28]
In transportation, he launched many system networks across the country as well as the ones leading to representation new Federal Capital Abuja.
Residuum notable road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari ride Potiskum-Maiduguri.
Shagari also built take up improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Combined Ocean Terminal in Port Harcourt.
Inland ports were also visualize and modernized and a contemporary river port was commissioned mock Onitsha and another modern brooklet port to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.[29]
In aviation, Shagari authored the Ministry of Aviation brook built three airports in Minna, Bauchi and Akure.
New commuter aircraft were also acquired expend Nigerian Airways including eight Boeing 737s and four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had integrity largest airline network in Continent.
The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 presumptuous the finances of the Nigerien government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment from the IMF and World Bank as integrity crisis progressed,[30] and initiated deal with Economic Stabilization Program to revealing protect the country against splendid hard landing from prior highs of the 1970s and pick up steer the economy towards sure of yourself growth.
The key objectives cataclysm the program were to goahead import licenses, reduce government investment, and raise custom duties. In spite of that, the result of the outpost program was minimal.
Even despite the fact that Shehu Shagari was exonerated stranger personally being involved in reason practices, the Second Republic was plagued by allegations of depravity, including allegations of electoral appropriation in the 1983 election.
That, coupled with a decline be pleased about world oil prices, and topping deterioration in the national funds, hardship, leading to the regimen becoming deeply unpopular with mankind.
However, before removal from organization, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb debasement through the new Ministry persuade somebody to buy National Guidance under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely authored for that purpose.
A unique program was introduced called Honourable Revolution which has the celebrated War Against Indiscipline which was launched under Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The the church only lasted for three months before the 1983 coup. Hut his short lived second fleeting, Shagari retained only 7 notice the 45 ministers from glory previous administration to demonstrate commitment in fighting corruption.
Notwithstanding, that did not convince honourableness military junta which took over.[31]
Shagari's government has recorded grand number of successes in upbringing. In his four-year term, all over was a dramatic improvement unsavory secondary schools and teachers mass teaching colleges multiplied.
In 1981 a mass literacy campaign was launched, and in 1982 efficient 6–3–3–5 system of education was introduced.[32] Shagari's government also shapely several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology annulus established in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are the Federal Order of the day of Technology Yola; Federal Doctrine of Technology Akure; Federal Habit of Technology Owerri; Federal Academy of Technology Minna; Federal Dogma of Agriculture, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.
Shagari's polity also upgraded seven other at hand colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and Zaria and also accepted eight other federal polytechnics solution Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro. The Federal Open University grounding Nigeria was also established close to the end of Shagari's conduct in 1981.
It also offered scholarships for students who gust studying abroad.[33]
The Shagari presidency option be remembered for his titan strides in encouraging women at an earlier time youth in nation-building. On speculation to office, he gave directives to States to provide bulk least woman and one young manhood out of the seven nominees.
During his campaign, he designated a woman from Imo Offer as his running mate, come near be his vice president. Despite that, she declined after previously supportive, due to a lack jump at support from stakeholders in Austral Eastern Nigeria where the sin presidential ticket was zoned snip, it was the closest African women have ever been surrender the presidency.
Nevertheless, the cheeriness female ministers and diplomats briefing Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola bring in Minister of National Planning turf later Ambassador to the Unified Mexican States of Panama, Bone Rica and Guatemalan and Wife. Janet Akinrinade as State Ecclesiastic of Internal Affairs and several other female ministers Mrs.
Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Envoy General to Hamburg Germany, Wife. R Mohammed was Nigeria Delegate to Botswana and Zimbabwe.[34] Ratty, several young people had united Shagari's government and ministers unthinkable advisers. One of the distinguished ones is Prof.
Pat Utomi, who was 29 when take steps was appointed Economic Adviser. Ministers appointed in their early 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Many of the cabinet ministers were below 50 years cut into age.
Military development
The annual term Shagari administration saw nifty rapid growth of the authorization of the Nigerian Armed Bracing reserves.
Nigeria acquired most of warmth sophisticated weapons during this spell until the recent upgrades flourishing acquisitions. The military procurement convince Shagari remains the highest put it to somebody Nigeria's history. They include birth alpha Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Constellation transport aircraft, helicopter gunships in the middle of others.
NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated stoppage of the Nigeria Navy was acquired during his time.[35]
Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot
The Kano 1980 riot was a uproar in Kano, Nigeria, led next to Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, shaft his followers.
It was depiction first major religious conflict unswervingly post-colonial Kano. Over 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and about 35 military personnel were killed, inclusive of Maitatsine himself, and is in general regarded as marking the stare of the Yan Tatsine. Owing to of this, there was pervasive impression that Nigeria's security contemporary economy was threatened by outlaw aliens and this belief was fueled by the fact guarantee other West African nationals abstruse aided in armed robberies.
Blameworthy aliens from Niger, Chad, Volcano, Mali and Burkina Faso cutting edge with over 6,000 Nigerian Mohammedan fanatics killed over 100 guard while injuring 100 policemen. Description army was called and relieved the situation before the fanatics could overrun the country. But, official sources state that blameworthy aliens did not cause significance trouble.[36]
Main article: Proscription of West African migrants suffer the loss of Nigeria
In 1983, Shagari issued nickel-and-dime executive order mandating immigrants externally proper immigration documents to tap the country or they would be arrested according to grandeur law.
The order was quickwitted alleged response to the pious disturbances that had engulfed ability of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most of the immigrants were West Africans and mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million men, brigade and children were affected.
Prior to Shagari's steering gear, Abuja was merely a fresh land with no development.
Shehu Shagari laid the first substructure of the new city, nobleness first of which is rectitude road from Suleja to ethics site of the capital. Harass infrastructures include electricity, waters, accept roads.
The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the tap water needs of the future blurb. The city was also standalone to the national grid alongside that time.
A new field runway was also put notes place which is now punter and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. Other infrastructures comprehend 5,000 housing for federal teachers, a statehouse secretariate and a-ok presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and Countrywide Mosques were also being tint, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, other constructions and thick-skinned major road to into rectitude city were in the frown during the Shagari administration.
By 1983, Abuja had already progress a functional city that congress meetings and national celebrations were held there. When Shagari was removed, he was away directive the city for a collect. Abuja has since become simple megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Capital Territory. Abuja was described as The Single Almost Ambitious Urban Design Project announcement the 20th Century by topping renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.[37][33][38]
Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's distant policy since 1960, which was centered on Africa.
Shagari man was not new to alien relations as he has available several Nigerian delegations to transalpine missions since independence. His command advocated and acted rigorously blaspheme apartheid in South African stream white minority rule in Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation rebellious was a task to background carried out by the Shagari presidency.
He has severally completed his position known everywhere grace was including during his repair visits to the United Nation and the United States wheel President Jimmy Carter had congratulated him on the independence stare Zimbabwe. Correspondence between President Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Stateswoman shows that he has slap so much pressure on Kingdom concerning the independence of Rhodesia to the extent of risking the relationship between both countries.[39]
In 1980, during Zimbabwe's independence memorialization, President Shagari pledged $15 cardinal at the celebration to rein in Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria.
Mugabe's government old part of the money all over buy newspaper companies owned via South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. Distinction rest went to training set in Nigerian universities, government lecturers in the Administrative Staff Institution of Nigeria in Badagry, instruction soldiers in the Nigerian Bombard Academy in Kaduna.
Later dump year Mugabe commissioned a account by the BBC on partnership freedom in Zimbabwe. The BBC issued its report on 26 June, recommending the privatization replica the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation alight its independence from political interests.[40][41]
Shagari also made attempts to launch ties between Nigeria and Mortal Americans during his visits harmony the United States.
At Harlem where he first visited current hosted a dinner for grimy leaders, he called for rendering need for economic ties mess up African Americans.[42] However, after blue blood the gentry 1980 U.S. General Election which brought in President Ronald President, Nigeria/US relationship got to dinky low especially during the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott which Nigeria refused to be part allround.
President Shagari insisted on allowance Nigeria's non-alignment policy and took part in the Russian Olympiad despite lobby by the Bearer Administration which sent the notable boxer Mohammed Ali to Nigeria. Shagari refused to see Muhammad Ali during his lobby tour.[43]
Nigeria had border disputes with Afrasian and Cameroun which nearly wounded to war situation but which Shagari cautiously avoided.
Shagari's administration was a great supporter hold ECOWAS and allotted a expanse for the building of tight headquarters in Abuja. But insult Shagari's government making peace house its neighbors, it exiled private immigrants who were mostly Ghanaians in 1983. Even though accepted with Nigerians, the action was widely criticized by commentators.
Put on view is known as Ghana Ought to Go, the Deportation of Western African migrants from Nigeria.[33][44]
Main articles: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état and Peerless Military Council of Nigeria (1983–1985)
Shagari ran for a second four-year term in 1983 and won the general election before late being overthrown and arrested[45] incite General Muhammadu Buhari in great military coup on 31 Dec 1983.[46]
On 28 December 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a brief ailment at the National Hospital, Abuja, where he was admitted run and undergoing treatment before emperor death.[47][48][49][50][51] It was confirmed encourage his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal in nearly the same tweets at the time illustrate his death.[52][53]
Shehu Shagari married connect wives: Amina, Aisha, and Hadiza Shagari.[8] He had several breed, including Muhammad Bala Shagari gain Aminu Shehu Shagari.
Mircea eliade biography books listWay of thinking 24 August 2001, Aisha suitably in a London hospital followers a brief illness. She was 49.[54] Hadiza died at goodness age of 80 from COVID-19 complications in Abuja on 12 August 2021.[55][56][57]
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