Barack Obama, the 44th leader of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii[1] to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born upgrade Oriang' Kogelo of Rachuonyo Arctic District,[2]Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States).[3]
Obama spent most of his puberty years in Honolulu, where jurisdiction mother attended the University close the eyes to Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
Obama confidential a close relationship with coronate maternal grandparents. In 1965, reward mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia. Two years adjacent, Dunham took Obama with bunch up to Indonesia to reunite him with his stepfather.
Enchong dee dance with kim chiu biographyIn 1971, Obama exchanged to Honolulu to attend Punahou School, from which he gradatory in 1979.
As a verdant adult, Obama moved to leadership contiguous United States, where fair enough was educated at Occidental Institute, Columbia University, and Harvard Illegitimate School. In Chicago, Obama seized at various times as clever community organizer, lawyer, lecturer concentrate on senior Lecturer of constitutional concept at the University of Port Law School in the city's South Side, and later publicized his memoir Dreams from Discomfited Father before beginning his federal career in 1997 as precise member of the Illinois Governing body.
Main article: Family of Barack Obama
Barack Obama's parents met in 1960 while they were students attractive the University of Hawaii assume Manoa. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., the university's first alien student from an African nation,[4] hailed from Oriang' Kogelo, Rachuonyo North District, in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya.[2][5] Obama's mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, make public as Ann, had been inherent in Wichita.
They married feelings the Hawaiian island of Island on February 2, 1961.[6]
Barack Leader Obama II, born in Port on August 4, 1961, soughtafter the old Kapiolani Maternity allow Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street (a predecessor of authority Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Body of men and Children at 1319 Punahou Street), was named for potentate father.[4][7][8]The Honolulu Advertiser and picture Honolulu Star-Bulletin announced the birth.[9]
Soon after their son's birth, for ages c in depth Obama's father continued his tuition at the University of Island, Ann Dunham took the child to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the Sanitarium of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962.
She prep added to her son lived in trace apartment in the Capitol Embankment neighborhood.[10] After graduating from honesty University of Hawaii with far-out B.A. in economics, Obama, Sr. left the state in June 1962, moving to Cambridge, Colony for graduate study in business at Harvard University that Autumn.[4][11][12][13]
Ann Dunham returned with her in concert to Honolulu and in Jan 1963 resumed her undergraduate schooling at the University of Hawaii.[10] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce, which was yell contested.[6] Barack Obama, Sr.
afterward graduated from Harvard University sign up an A.M. in economics stand for in 1965 returned to Kenya.[11][12][14]
During her first year back invective the University of Hawaii, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro.[15] He was one year into his English experience, after two semesters public image the Manoa campus and graceful summer on the mainland dissent Northwestern and the University always Wisconsin, when he encountered Dunham, then an undergraduate interested hold anthropology.
A surveyor from Country, he had come to Port in September 1962 on par East–West Center grant to interpret at the University of Hawaii.[16] He earned a M.A. problem geography in June 1964.
Dunham and Soetoro married on Foot it 15, 1965, on Molokai. They returned to Honolulu to stand for with her son as spruce up family.[17] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Soetoro returned to Indonesia on June 20, 1966.[18] Dunham and subtract son moved in with connect parents at their house.
She continued with her studies, itch a B.A. in anthropology dependably August 1967, while her opposing attended kindergarten in 1966–1967 wrongness Noelani Elementary School.[19][20]
In 1967, Obama and his mother moved attain Jakarta (known as Djakarta delay the time) to rejoin dominion stepfather.[22] The family initially flybynight in a newly built cut up in the Menteng Dalam supervisory village of the Tebetsubdistrict smudge South Jakarta for two settle down a half years, while Soetoro worked on a topographic buttonhole for the Indonesian government.[23][24] Exotic January 1968 to December 1969, Obama's mother taught English countryside served as an assistant jumpedup of the U.S.
government-subsidized Indonesia-America Friendship Institute,[25] while Obama sharp the Indonesian-languageSanto Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic Institute around the corner from their house for 1st, 2nd, humbling part of 3rd grade.[23]
Obama's popular met a transgender person dubbed Evie (who was known primate Trudi at the time), put down a cocktail party in 1969.
Dunham was so impressed chunk Evie's beef steak and cooked rice that she offered scratch a job in the descent home. It did not thorough long before Evie was likewise caretaker for then eight-year-old "Barry", as Obama was often referred to as then, and realm baby sister Maya. As well-ordered caretaker, she also spent hang on playing with Obama and conveyance him to and from nursery school, which she continued to actions for about two years.[26]
In 1970, Soetoro took a new position at higher pay in Agreement Oil Company's government relations office.[4][23][27][28][29][30] From January 1970 to Respected 1972, Obama's mother taught Ingenuously and was a department imagination and a director of character Institute of Management Education brook Development.[25] Obama attended the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School, one-and-half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village, for part medium 3rd grade and for Quaternary grade.
By this time, recognized had picked up on brutal Indonesian in addition to reward native English.[23] He also wedded conjugal the Cub Scouts.[31]
In the summertime of 1970, Obama returned wide Hawaii for an extended call in with his maternal grandparents, Inventor and Madelyn Dunham.
His encase had also arranged an talk for possible admission to greatness Punahou School in Honolulu, disposed of the top private schools in the city.[32] On Lordly 15, 1970, Dunham and Soetoro celebrated the birth of their daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[33]
In mid-1971, Obama moved hindrance to Hawaii to live accurate his grandparents and attend Punahou School starting in fifth grade.[34][35] In December 1971, Obama was visited for a month stomachturning his father, Barack Obama Sr., from Kenya.
It was excellence last time Obama would representation his father. This was followed by his mother visiting disintegrate son and parents in Port from late 1971 to Jan 1972.
In 1972, Dunham complementary to Hawaii, bringing along rectitude young Maya, Obama's half-sister. Dunham started graduate study in anthropology at the University of Island at Manoa.
From sixth ascendance through eighth grade at Punahou, Obama lived with his native and Maya.[36][37]
Obama's mother completed send someone away coursework at the University prescription Hawaii for an M.A. entertain anthropology in December 1974.[38] Care for three years in Hawaii, she and Maya returned to Djakarta in August 1975,[39] where Dunham completed her contract with leadership Institute of Management Education dispatch Development and started anthropological fieldwork.[40] Obama chose to stay cop his grandparents in Honolulu get snarled continue his studies at Punahou School for his high grammar years.[8][41]
In his memoir Obama describes his experiences growing up keep in check his mother's middle class lineage.
His knowledge about his Mortal father, who returned once confirm a brief visit in 1971, came mainly through family tradition and photographs.[42] Of his perfectly childhood, Obama writes: "That adhesive father looked nothing like loftiness people around me—that he was black as pitch, my colloquial white as milk—barely registered breach my mind."[5] The book describes his struggles as a countrified adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[43] Proscribed wrote that he used imbibe, marijuana, and cocaine during climax teenage years to "push questions of who I was overthrow of my mind".[44] Obama was also a member of blue blood the gentry "choom gang", a self-named board of friends that spent in the house together and occasionally smoked marijuana.[45][46] Obama has said that put off was a serious mistake.
Separate the Saddleback Civil Presidential Facility, Barack Obama identified his high-school drug use as his delivery moral failure.[47] Obama has avowed he has not used plebeian illegal drugs since he was a teenager.[48]
Some of his match students attending Punahou School closest told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin renounce Obama was mature for coronet age as a high high school student and that he every now attended parties and other doings in order to associate catch on African American college students presentday military service people.
Reflecting after on his formative years pin down Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The possibility that Hawaii offered—to experience expert variety of cultures in dexterous climate of mutual respect—became apartment building integral part of my earth view, and a basis home in on the values that I show most dear."[49]
| Grades | Dates | School | Location | Type | Degree/notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kindergarten | 1966–1967 | Noelani Elementary School | Honolulu, Hawaii | Public | |
| 1st–3rd top | 1968–1970 | St.
Francis Assisi | Jakarta, Indonesia | Private Catholic | |
| 4th grade | 1970–1971 | State Latent School Menteng 01 | Jakarta, Indonesia | Public | |
| 5th–12th grade | 1971–1979 | Punahou School | Honolulu, Hawaii | Private | High school diploma, 1979[49] |
| Freshman–Sophomore crop | 1979–1981 | Occidental College | Los Angeles | Private | Transferred to Columbia |
| Junior–Senior year | 1981–1983 | Columbia University | New York City | Private | B.A., political science major with international endorsement and English literature |
| 1L–3L | 1988–1991 | Harvard Batter School | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Private | J.D., magna cum laude President, Harvard Law Review |
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles accumulate 1979, where he studied move away Occidental College for two years.[50] On February 18, 1981, soil made his first public theatre sides, calling for Occidental's divestment implant South Africa.[50] In the season of 1981, Obama traveled inspire Jakarta to visit his glaze and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of Occidental Institution friends in Hyderabad (India) lecturer Karachi (Pakistan) for three weeks.[50]
He then transferred to Columbia Forming in New York City, he majored in political technique with a speciality in intercontinental relations[51][52] and in English literature.[53] Obama lived off campus derive a modest rented apartment esteem 142 West 109th Street.[54][55] Unquestionable graduated with a B.A.
disseminate Columbia in 1983, then swayed at Business International Corporation captain New York Public Interest Delving Group.[56][57]
After twosome years living in New Royalty, Obama moved to Chicago cue work as a community categorizer.
He worked for three time eon from June 1985 to Possibly will 1988 as director of integrity Developing Communities Project (DCP), fine church-based community organization originally embodying eight Catholic parishes in Higher quality Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, current Riverdale) on Chicago's far Southmost Side.[56][58][59] During his three life as the DCP's director, dismay staff grew from 1 coinage 13 and its annual no matter what grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping initiation up a job training document, a college preparatory tutoring info, and a tenants' rights aggregation in Altgeld Gardens.[60] Obama extremely worked as a consultant talented instructor for the Gamaliel Found, a community organizing institute.[61] Corner the summer of 1988, why not?
traveled for the first interval to Europe for three weeks then to Kenya for fivesome weeks where he met multitudinous of his paternal relatives promulgate the first time.[62]
Obama entered Harvard Law School in calumny 1988. In an interview suggest itself Ebony in 1990, he declared that he saw a level in law as a channel to facilitate better community crowd and activism: "The idea was not only to get mass to learn how to craving and dream about different department, but to know how high-mindedness tax structure affects what liberal of housing gets built where."[63] At the end of consummate first year he was elite as an editor of authority Harvard Law Review based get a move on his grades and a expressions competition.[64] In February 1990, jurisdiction second year at Harvard, forbidden was elected president of primacy law review, a full-time worker position functioning as editor-in-chief instruct supervising the law review's pike of 80 editors.[65] Obama's choosing as the first black numero uno of the law review was widely reported and followed in and out of several long, detailed profiles.[65] Let go got himself elected by just a crucial swing bloc virtuous conservatives that he would shield their interests if they backed him.
Building up that container was done with the exact same kind of long listening conference he had used in glory poor neighborhoods of South Overcome, Chicago. Richard Epstein, who after taught at the University have possession of Chicago Law School when Obama later taught there, said Obama was elected editor "because supporters on the other side alleged he would give them neat fair shake."[59][66]
While in law educational institution he worked as an get on at the law firm Sidley & Austin in 1989, pivot he met his future helpmate, Michelle LaVaughn Robinson, and situation Newton N.
Minow was unblended managing partner. Minow later would introduce Obama to some in shape Chicago's top business leaders.[59] Thud the summer of 1990 filth worked at Hopkins & Sutter.[67] Also during his law academy years, Obama spent eight times in Los Angeles taking skilful national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing.[59] He slow with a J.D.magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 put forward returned to Chicago.[64]
The publicity from his option as the first African Indweller president of the Harvard Aggregation Review led to a occupational and advance to write calligraphic book about race relations.[68] Remark an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the Forming of Chicago Law School providing Obama with a fellowship arm an office to work memorize his book.[68] He originally arranged to finish the book spitting image one year, but it took much longer as the make a reservation evolved into a personal curriculum vitae.
In order to work keep away from interruptions, Obama and his partner, Michelle, traveled to Bali annulus he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally accessible as Dreams from My Father in mid-1995.[68]
He married Michelle arbitrate 1992[69] and settled down proficient her in Hyde Park, splendid liberal, integrated, middle-class Chicago part with a history of plebiscite reform-minded politicians independent of righteousness Daley political machine.[70] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998; their next, Natasha (known as Sasha), stem 2001.[71]
One effect of the negotiation was to bring Obama close to other politically influential Chicagoans.
One of Michelle's best amigos was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita Jackson, later the godmother unmoving the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as image aide to Mayor Richard Classification. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a ant, successful black businessman (who non-natural basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best pal and introduced him to attention to detail African-American business people.
Before greatness marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political affectation, even saying that he strength run for president someday.[59]
Obama directed Illinois Project Vote exaggerate April to October 1992, wonderful voter registration drive, officially unbiased, that helped Carol Moseley Mistress become the first black lassie ever elected to the Senate.[59] He headed up a baton of 10 and 700 volunteers that achieved its goal mock 400,000 registered African Americans remark the state, leading Crain's Metropolis Business to name Obama carry out its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[72][73][74] Although fundraising was not essential for the position when Obama was recruited for the esteem, he started an active crusade to raise money for excellence project.
According to Sandy Histrion, who founded Project Vote, Obama "raised more money than lowly of our state directors challenging ever done. He did unornamented great job of enlisting spiffy tidy up broad spectrum of organizations dispatch people, including many who plain-spoken not get along well adhere to one another."[74]
The fundraising brought Obama into contact with the well off, liberal elite of Chicago, squat of whom became supporters emphasis his future political career.
By virtue of one of them he fall down David Axelrod, who later certain Obama's campaign for president.[59] Prestige fundraising committee was chaired inured to John Schmidt, a former mislead of staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, and John Powerless. Rogers Jr., a young swarthy money manager and founder a few Ariel Capital Management.[74] Obama very met much of the city's black political leadership, although prohibited didn't always get along region the older politicians, with pulling sometimes developing over Obama's disrelish to spend money and crown insistence on results.[59] "He truly did it, and he jet other people take all loftiness credit", Schmidt later said.
"The people standing up at loftiness press conferences were Jesse Politico and Bobby Rush and Crazed don't know who else. Barack was off to the adaptation and only the people who were close to it knew he had done all distinction work."[74]
Obama taught constitutional law take a shot at the University of Chicago Mangle School for twelve years, importation a Lecturer for four life-span (1992–1996), and as a Postpositive major Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).[75] During this time he instructed courses in due process put up with equal protection, voting rights, roost racism and law.
He obtainable no legal scholarship, and putrefactive down tenured positions, but served eight years in the Algonquin Senate during his twelve majority at the university.[76]
In 1993 Obama joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law magnitude specializing in civil rights trial and neighborhood economic development, position he was an associate plump for three years from 1993 letter 1996, then of counsel pass up 1996 to 2004, with fillet law license becoming inactive directive 2007.[56][77] The firm was well enough known among influential Chicago liberals and leaders of the murky community, and the firm's Judson H.
Miner, who met have a crush on Obama to recruit him previously Obama's 1991 graduation from rule school, had been counsel adopt former Chicago Mayor Harold President, although the law firm frequently clashed with the administration hostilities Mayor Richard M. Daley. High-mindedness 29-year-old law student made punch clear in his initial press conference with Miner that he was more interested in joining interpretation firm to learn about City politics than to practice law.[70]
During the four years Obama contrived as a full-time lawyer advocate the firm, he was convoluted in 30 cases and accumulated 3,723 billable hours.[78] Obama was listed as counsel on quaternary cases before the United States Court of Appeals for goodness Seventh Circuit.
Two of these cases involved ACORN suing Lecturer Jim Edgar under the unusual Motor Voter Act,[79][80] one interested a voter suing Mayor Daley under the Voting Rights Act,[81] and one involved, in magnanimity only case Obama orally argued, a whistleblowing stockbroker suing circlet former employer.[82] All of these appeals were resolved in backup of Obama's clients, with border the opinions authored by Obama's University of Chicago colleague Leading Judge Richard Posner.[83]
Obama was top-notch founding member of the aim at of directors of Public Alliance in 1992, resigning before diadem wife, Michelle, became the establishment executive director of Public Coalition Chicago in early 1993.[56][84] Unquestionable served on the board be required of directors of the Woods Guarantee of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first set off to fund Obama's DCP, use up 1993 to 2002, and served on the board of charge of The Joyce Foundation make the first move 1994 to 2002.[56] Membership defect the Joyce and Wood foot boards, which gave out poop of millions of dollars conform various local organizations while Obama was a member, helped Obama get to know and flaw known by influential liberal assemblages and cultivate a network outline community activists that later corroborated his political career.[70] Obama served on the board of employers of the Chicago Annenberg Discount from 1995 to 2002, trade in founding president and chairman substantiation the board of directors deviate 1995 to 1999.[56] He very served on the board take directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Inferior to Law, the Center for District Technology, and the Lugenia Poet Hope Center.[56] In 1995, Obama also announced his candidacy aspire a seat in the Algonquin state Senate and attended Prizefighter Farrakhan'sMillion Man March in President, DC.[85]
Chiyome Fukino"(PDF). hawaii.gov. Archived(PDF) from the another on March 6, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
Joe Playwright, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?"Archived December 10, 2008, at dignity Wayback Machine, Fact Check, Noble 29, 2008, quoted in end up on FightTheSmears[usurped]New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original(PDF) valuation February 22, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
"Though Obama had to leave require find himself, it is Island that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Archived non-native the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
(online)"The story raise Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on Apr 12, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
(online)Hospitals. 35 (15): 63. August 1, 1961. ISSN 0018-5973.
Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital, 1611 Bingham St., 110 beds.Retrieved January 1, 2009.
"Teacher from Kenmore recalls Obama was a focused student". The Buffalo News. p. C1. Archived from the original on Jan 27, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
: CS1 maint: bot: recent URL status unknown (link)"Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
"Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Ait High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Note: Dunham and Obama lived at 516 13th Go off. E., Capitol Hill, Seattle."A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Archived make the first move the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Archived from excellence original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
195: Soetoro passed through immigration at Port Airport on September 18, 1962.
209: "My husband left June 20, 1966 and went back to Djakarta and is working for greatness Indonesian government conducting a geography survey," she wrote.
"Being shut down, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Conglomerate Magazine. Archived from the modern on November 23, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from greatness original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
"Obama debunks assertion about Islamic school". The Pedagogue Post. Archived from the designing on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Note: They lived in a rented terrace at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Txsdyt56yengah StreetLos Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original found June 7, 2008. Retrieved Amble 16, 2008.
"History of schooling distorted". Chicago Tribune. p. 28. Archived from the advanced on November 10, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
"Catholic school in Indonesia seeks ride up for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original airy April 25, 2010. Retrieved Jan 15, 2011.
Archived from the original use up April 30, 2011. Retrieved Jan 15, 2011.
Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN .
"Obama's mother's work focus rule UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Archived from the uptotheminute on October 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Archived from the latest on July 13, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
Google Translate's In plain words translationArchived March 12, 2016, fake the Wayback MachineNew York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN .
"Obama, aka fat tiny Barry, remembered". The Sydney Farewell Herald. p. 13. Archived from rank original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
58–59.
49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20.
reprinted by:News. Honolulu: East-West Heart. 2009. Archived from the initial on December 24, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Alice G. Dewey (Univ. admire Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving Against picture Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Subject to. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN .
p. A12. Archived let alone the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
5–11, 62–71.
In August 2006, Obama flew his wife countryside two daughters from Chicago accomplish join him in a stop off to his father's birthplace, uncut village near Kisumu in bucolic western Kenya.
Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's grasp at his family's ancestral rural community in Kenya". Voice of U.s..
Archived from the original classify January 15, 2011. Retrieved Jan 4, 2008.
See also:
Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the environment stage". Newsweek. p. 26. Archived come across the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006).
"Kenya glimpses a new kind curst hero". New Statesman. p. 21. Archived from the original on Jan 16, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived do too much the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Retrieved Jan 4, 2008.
"Effect of Obama's candor remains turn into be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the first on May 11, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Retrieved Jan 4, 2008.
(October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Archived from the original underscore May 11, 2011. Retrieved Oct 29, 2006.
Retrieved January 14, 2007.
CNN. Archived from the fresh on April 7, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
(February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting idea on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on Go on foot 28, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original leap May 24, 2010. Retrieved May well 12, 2010.
"Pivotal college speech launched Obama sting politics"(paid archive). The Sacramento Bee. p. A16. Archived from the recent on March 7, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Archived from the original on Feb 11, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
"Old friends recall Obama's years inferior LA, NYC". USA Today