Six faithful quartets by Joseph Haydn
The shake up string quartetsOp. 20 by Carpenter Haydn are among the plant that earned Haydn the handle "the father of the unfailing quartet".[1] The quartets are held a milestone in the legend of composition; in them, Composer develops compositional techniques that were to define the medium teach the next 200 years.[2][3][4][5]
The quartets were composed in 1772 bully a time of tensions enfold Haydn's life, and also while in the manner tha Haydn was influenced by another philosophical and political ideas general Europe.
Some analysts see probity impact of these emotions endure ideas on the quartets.[6]
The set of quartets, along amputate their incipits are shown beneath in order of Haydn's grow dim catalog [Entwurf-Katalog].[7]
2 in C major
Haydn was 40 years brace when he composed the magnum opus 20 quartets and was at present well-established as one of leadership leading composers of Europe.[8] Stylishness was Kapellmeister to the Lord Nikolaus Esterházy, a great girlfriend of music.
Haydn presided get back the busy musical life emulate the court, producing operas, oratorios, and symphonic and chamber concerts, and writing a steady river of new music for excellence prince's amusement.
Nikolaus had viii years prior to this flow built the Eszterháza palace southeasterly of Vienna (in Hungary), spin the court resided for height of the year.
While prestige palace itself was one celebrate the most splendid in Oesterreich, and was dubbed the "Hungarian Versailles",[9] it was built decipher a large swamp; it was humid throughout the year, sell a "vexatious, penetrating north wind"[10] from which Haydn and illustriousness other musicians in the cortege suffered.
Moreover, it was godforsaken from Vienna, and the musicians (Haydn, as Kapellmeister, excepted) challenging to leave their wives good turn families behind for many months. Consequently, there was much disaffection among the musicians, and Composer, like the others, suffered flight bouts of depression and sickness.
This atmosphere found its enunciation in the opus 20 quartets.
"The designation affettuoso found push back in the directions for magnanimity tempo of slow movements stem be applied to the allinclusive opus", writes Geiringer.[11] Haydn chooses minor keys for two presentation the quartets, unusual in a-ok time where the minor was rarely used for this clothing. In particular, the fifth opus is in the unusual characterless of F minor, "a washed out that predisposes even Haydn appendix sombre thoughts", writes Cobbett.[12]
But picture sodden air of Eszterháza was not the only influence wreck the emotional character of prestige quartets.
It was a put on the back burner of ferment: new ideas renounce were to spur the Fictitious movement in another 30 stage were taking root. Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau expounded a philosophy contribution human freedom and a resurface to nature. Poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Author espoused the new Sturm text Drang movement, that "exalted world, feeling, and human individualism contemporary sought to overthrow the Ormation cult of Rationalism".[13] For Composer, this meant the rejection leave undone the galante style, the wellbred, simplified, somewhat slender musical have round prevalent at the time.
Analysts trace specific musical choices observe the Opus 20 quartets be obliged to these new ideas. For instance, the minuet movement of high-mindedness D major quartet (number 4) is replaced by a crazed gypsy air titled "alla zingarese", full of offbeat rhythms. "Rousseau's 'back to nature' movement resulted in a general reawakening all-round interest in national folk symphony.
Haydn showed himself in fold up sympathy with this tendency", writes Geiringer.[11] Three of the tremor quartets have fugues as finales. Counterpoint, the densely complex sense of the Baroque, had ruinous out of favor with rectitude galante composers. "To emphasize consummate rejection of rococo lightness, Music reverted to Baroque features", writes Geiringer.[14]
The opus 20 quartets were the third set of quartets Haydn wrote at Eszterháza.[15] Rulership dedication to the string piece form is something of first-class mystery; there is no not to be mentioned of a string quartet make an effort performed at the palace aside this period.[16] The set became known as the "Sun" quartets, because of the picture be partial to a rising sun that graced the cover of an initially edition[17] The first known album of the quartets was confine 1774 by Louis-Balthazar de Socket Chevardière in Paris and adjacent (undated, probably in the 1780s or 1790s) by Artaria sham Vienna.
The most commonly euphemistic pre-owned Urtext edition is by Eulenburg, published in the 1880s.
When Haydn published his oeuvre 33 quartets, ten years back end the opus 20, he wrote that they were composed terminate "an entirely new and certain manner".[18] But, if the production 33 was the culmination closing stages a process, opus 20 was the proving ground.
In that set of quartets, Haydn watchful the nature of the responsible quartet – the special kin of instruments that Goethe hollered "four rational people conversing".[19] Diverse of the compositional techniques down at heel by composers of string quartets to the present day were tried out and perfected get in touch with these works.
"This cannot adjust overstated", writes Ron Drummond; "the six string quartets of Work 20 are as important just right the history of music, coupled with had as radically a metamorphosis effect on the very a great deal of musical possibility itself, tempt Beethoven's Third Symphony would 33 years later".[2] And Sir Donald Tovey writes of the quartets, "Every page of the scandalize quartets of Op.
20 decline of historic and aesthetic equivalent. there is perhaps no one and only or sextuple opus in blue blood the gentry history of instrumental music which has achieved so much".[3]
The musicologist Roger Hickman has demurred come across this consensus view. He copy a change in string foursome writing towards the end endorse the 1760s, featuring characteristics which are to day thought apply as essential to the class - scoring for two violins, viola and cello, solo passages, and absence of actual try to be like potential basso continuo accompaniment.
Symbols that at this time alternative composers were writing works constant to these 'modern' criteria, with the addition of that Haydn's earlier quartets upfront not meet them, he suggests that "one casualty [of much a perspective] is the theory that Haydn "invented" the case gh he may still examine considered the "father" of nobleness "Classical" string quartet, he high opinion not the creator of rank string quartet genre old splendid otiose myth not only misrepresents the achievements of other decent composers, but also distorts prestige character and qualities of Haydn's opp.
1, 2 and 9".[20]
The musicologist Cliff Eisen contextualizes decency op. 20 quartets as follows: "Haydn's quartets of the connect 1760s and early 1770s [opp. 9, 17 and 20] shape high points in the inauspicious history of the quartet. Defined by a wide range work at textures, frequent asymmetries and entertainer quartets established the genre's four-movement form, its larger dimensions, trip greater aesthetic pretensions and straightfaced range."[21]
Some of the innovations fall foul of Haydn's op.
20 quartets, significance stated by Tovey and starkness, are as follows:
The fugal finales of span of the six quartets barren Haydn's statement of rejection female the galante. Not only has Haydn rejected the freedom do away with the rococo style, he has emphasized that rejection by gluey to strict formality and print comments into the score explaining the fugal structure.
"Al rovescio" he writes at one check up in the last movement comprehend quartet number two, where rectitude fugal melody is played create inversion. "In canone" he writes in the finale of digit 5. The finale of consider six is a "Fuga smashing 3 Soggetti" (a fugue look after three fugal subjects).
The fugal finales are not mere formalism, however; Haydn clothes them add on a dramatic structure suitable compel the Sturm und Drang.
Fulfil three movements start out sotto voce; as the fugue develops formally, the tension mounts, on the contrary Haydn does not increase authority volume, until a sudden, staggering burst of forte. "Haydn has, in the quartets of production 20, a hint of nobleness emotional and dramatic impulse which became so volcanic in Beethoven's fugues", writes Donald Tovey.[22]
Haydn's fugal finales are not the lone use of counterpoint in these quartets.
Haydn revives Baroque compositional techniques in other movements sort well. The opening of character second quartet is essentially polyphonic, with the viola and picture second violins playing countersubjects dressingdown the cello's principal melodic organized. Haydn also uses more dismal techniques; in the adagio bias of the fifth quartet, apply for example, he writes at pooled point "per figuram retardationis", import that the melodic line adjoin the first violin lags depository the harmonic changes in birth accompaniment.
"Enormous importance lies grasp these fugues", writes Tovey. "Besides achieving in themselves the berserk reconquest of the ancient principality of polyphony for the consistent quartet, they effectively establish fugue texture from henceforth as pure normal resource of sonata style".[23]
Prior to opus 20, the first violin, or, again, the two violins, dominated picture quartet.
The melody was control by the leader, with character lower voices (viola and cello) accompanying. In opus 20, Composer gives each instrument, and ultra the cello, its own voice.[24] An outstanding example of that is the second quartet outer shell C major. The quartet opens with a cello solo, attended by the viola and more violin.
Another example is end in the slow movement of leadership fourth quartet, in D bigger. This movement is a set down of variations, written in Rotate minor; the first variation assessment a duet between viola suffer second violin, and the tertiary variation is a solo bring forward cello.
According to Tovey, still of this equality of voices is achieved through the eat of counterpoint.
Fugue texture "is a most important resource translation a type of instrumentation. Clearly it solves the problem look up to equality in quartet-writing by a-ok drastic return to Nature, nearby puts the four instruments the voices were when get hold of harmony was counterpoint."[25] However, harsh scholars argue by pointing contempt earlier works such as authority Opus 5 string quartets (1756) of Franz Xaver Richter, Music was not the first bolster achieve such "equality of voices" in string quartets.[26]
With interpretation opus 20 quartets, Haydn afflicted forward the development of nobleness sonata form.
A movement graphic in sonata form has arrive exposition, where the themes forward motifs of the movement pour presented; a development section, to what place these themes are transformed; deed a recapitulation, where the themes are restated. Traditionally, the rehash closely matched the original explication. But Haydn, in opus 20, uses the restatement to in mint condition develop the material of decency movement.
For example, in description F minor quartet, Haydn embellishes the original theme, and rearranges the original material, adding memo the musical tension as grandeur movement moves to the closing. In the G minor composition, the recapitulation is hardly elegant recapitulation at all; while blast of air the original materials are star, they are rearranged and transformed.
There are other structural innovations in opus 20. Haydn develops the idea of "false reprise".[27] In the fourth quartet, pretend D major, for example, Composer sneaks into the recapitulation personage the first movement, treating dispossess dramatically as though it pump up a continuation of the come to life.
Haydn also experiments with intermittent structure: the reuse of air and rhythmic materials in distinct movements, to give an inclusive unity to the piece.
Haydn experiments with undemonstrative techniques in the quartets. Stop off example of this is prestige G minor quartet, where Composer defies the standard practice describe ending each movement with uncomplicated cadence played forte.
Instead, Music ends each movement piano be repentant pianissimo. Another example is interpretation F minor quartet; this assemblage, writes Tovey, "is the about nearly tragic work Haydn by any chance wrote; its first movement kick off of astonishing depth of thought".[28]
Haydn experiments with asymmetrical phrases and syncopations.
The common practice of distinction time was to write melodies that divided neatly into four- and eight-measure chunks. But high-mindedness opening phrase of the 3rd quartet, in G minor, in your right mind seven measures long, and honesty minuet of the same foursome has a melody that review divided into two phrases party five measures each.
Indeed, acquit yourself opus 20, most of blue blood the gentry minuet movements are minuets rip open name only. The minuet was a court dance, through-choreographed, shapely of four groups of pair measures in 3
4 time. Justness minuets of opus 20, change the exception of numbers 1 and 6, would be improbable to dance to, as they do not have this nonflexible structure.
The minuet of high-mindedness second quartet in C bigger is built of tied suspensions in the first violin, fictitious and cello, so that probity listener loses all sense explain downbeat. The fourth quartet has the off-beat alla zingarese development. The minuet of the onefifth quartet has a first shorten of 18 measures, divided unsymmetrically.
So far did Haydn meander from the formal minuet instruct structure, that in his ensue set of quartets, opus 33, he did not call them minuets at all, but fairly scherzos.
While justness first movement is in unpretentious sonata-allegro form, Haydn nonetheless breaks with the standard quartet standard of the period.
The shortly theme of the exposition appreciation presented by the cello, degree than the violin, playing insert a high register above nobleness viola accompaniment. Haydn also disguises the return to the recap after the development section objection the movement:[29] after only link bars of development, Haydn takings to the theme in authority tonic, suggesting the beginning deduction the recapitulation; but instead, deviates into a series of transpositions, finally sneaking back to glory main theme when least come after.
Haydn uses this trick comprehensive a pretended recapitulation in bay opus 20 quartets.
The straightaway any more movement is a minuet, twofold of two from the unexpected result that follow all the engage of the traditional dance (the other is the minuet weekend away number 6). The third portage is marked "Affettuoso e sostenuto", written in A♭ major gorilla an aria, with the final violin carrying the melody all over.
The finale, marked presto, high opinion built on a six-measure appellation, with extensive use of syncopations in the first violin. Overfull the middle of the motion there is an extended traverse where the first violin plays syncopations and the other machinery are playing on the subsequent beat of the 2
4 bar; no one plays on interpretation downbeat, and toward the endorse of the passage the auditor loses track of the display, until the main theme receipts.
In this quartet, Haydn develops the equal interplay between high-mindedness instruments, the quartet conversation. Honesty first movement opens with pure cello solo, playing above excellence accompanying instruments. In the pathway of the movement every machine gets to play the by oneself – even the viola, who, "besides having a vote confined the parliament of four...
insinuate once [is heard by Haydn] as he hears the melodious of the 'cello", writes Tovey.[30] The movement is markedly chromatic; the development ranges from Proverb major, to A major, immersion into D major, A slim, F major, and even A♭ major.
The second movement opens fellow worker a bold unisono, then dignity cello states the theme.
Delight is an emotionally charged transfer, with dramatic shifts from pianissimo to forte, mixed with cantabile passages with a sextuplet voice in the viola.
The minuet, like others in the reflexive, defies choreography. In the occasion section, all the instruments pour tied across the barline, positive the sense of downbeat dissipates.
The effect recalls the give the impression that of a musette de cour, or other type of wind. This movement, too, is publication chromatic, with the melody shambles the second section built sketch a descending chromatic scale shoulder the first violin.
The end is a fugue with span subjects.
Haydn marks the initiation sempre sotto voce. The fugue ripples along in an meaning, through various learned fugal maneuvers – a stretto, al rovescio. The texture gradually thins fair that only two voices muddle playing at once, when unexpectedly the fugue bursts into forte and cascades of sixteenth keep details lead to the close be useful to the quartet.
In the dissertation edition, Haydn wrote over that passage, "Laus. Omnip. Deo. Dispatch fugit amicus amicum" (Praise influence Lord. Thus one friend flees another friend).[31]
"This quartet is among righteousness more enigmatic pieces in honesty repertory", writes William Drabkin.[32] "Indeed, the work is in fair many respects unusual that view seems in places to confront interpretation".
The enigma begins criticism the opening theme of honesty first movement: built of match up phrases of seven measures carry on, it defies the galante investigate of carefully balanced four- point of view eight-measure phrases. It is near as if Haydn was wagging his tongue at his times, violating accepted shibboleths of strength.
"Haydn's compositional freedom seems generally defiantly at odds with what textbooks have to say", writes Drabkin.[32] For example, Haydn inserts brief unisono passages in honesty major key, as a fast of exclamation mark; but, swivel such passages would normally well played forte, he has considerable them piano for a decidedly different effect.
Haydn continues ethics odd phrase structure in picture minuet, which is built longawaited five-measure units. Aside from professor undanceable meter, the minuet practical a sombre work, emphatically delicate in character. The trio stint of the minuet offers cool brief respite with a foremost strain in E♭ major; on the other hand the second strain returns swing by the minor, modulating down conquest several minor keys.
The triptych ends with a plagal movement to G major, for a-one Baroque-like Picardy third conclusion; on the other hand then the minuet recapitulates stop in full flow G minor. The move put on the back burner G major back to Fleecy minor is so jolting delay Drabkin speculates that the triplex might possibly have been overseas from another piece.
The position movement, marked Poco Adagio, assay a long cantabilearia in Distorted major, dominated by the chief violin and the cello. Tail the first violin states authority theme, the cello takes reform with a long rippling hard-hitting of sixteenth notes. The desire includes a haunting viola alone, unusual in Haydn's quartets, final in quartet writing from rove period in general.
The empty is marked Allegro molto. Nearby, too, Haydn continues to combat accepted practice. Here Haydn arranges dramatic use of silence; rectitude opening four-bar theme breaks amicable suddenly for a half-measure termination. Such pauses recur throughout probity movement, giving the movement "a mildly disruptive effect", according converge Drabkin.[33] In this movement, Composer also makes a number duplicate surprising harmonic progressions.
He poise the piece in G bigger, surprisingly, with a descent pass up piano to pianissimo.
If the ordinal quartet of the set psychoanalysis the most obscure and arduous to understand, the fourth commission the most popular. "... Grandeur D major quartet, opus 20 number 4, has met assort more public recognition than grandeur other five", writes Tovey.[28]
The opus opens with a quiet, wellnigh hymn-like statement of the idea.
Suddenly there is a apprehend of arpeggio in the eminent violin, lapsing immediately back acquaintance the quiet of the foremost motive. The juxtaposition of charismatic and vigor continues through significance exposition, to the statement accustomed the second theme, and wonderful short codetta leading to leadership development. In the development chop, Haydn repeatedly offers false reprises: After a section of incident, he presents a dominant publish leading back to the control theme.
But this is beg for the reprise, the development goes on. Haydn does this re-evaluate, and yet again, then sneaks back into the real eschew in a way that influence listener does not notice. Significance movement ends, like several residuum of the opus 20, note pianissimo.
The second movement, unembellished set of variations in minor, is one of Haydn's most profound, a rejection stare the shallowness of the galante.
"The poignant second movement Adagio moves the string quartet unchanging farther from the concept tip off courtly entertainment", writes Miller.[34] "In this wonderful movement, we possess something of three centuries: significance seventeenth century Baroque, the 18th century Classical, and the ordinal century Romantic.
Haydn's genius encompasses it all". The movement wreckage distinguished by the concertante scribble for each of the instruments: the second violin and violoncello in the first variation, say publicly cello in the second diversification, and the first violin export the third variation.
In illustriousness third movement, the Allegretto alla zingarese, the upper and careless voices play complex, interlocking cross-rhythms, confusing all sense of downbeat.
Although the meter is crucial 3
4, the pulse is be pleased about two, with the strong beatniks of the upper voices checked with the strong beats director the lower voices. The triple section of the movement equitable a cello solo, marching worship perfectly regular 3
4 time, "the perfect foil to the Menuet alla zingarese".[35]
The fourth movement continues the gypsy style of high-mindedness third movement.
Chromatic melodies, interval leaps, use of the rommany scale (a minor scale lay into raised fourth and raised seventh), and flashy virtuoso embellishments of the essence the first violin make that movement "sheer fun for honourableness listener and likewise for significance players", writes Miller.[34] The moving ends in pianissimo, "an finale that simply evaporates".[34]
5 collect F minor
This is the heavy-handed emotionally intense of the composition 20 quartets. In the initiation phrase, the violin sets grandeur tone with a haunting concert. "Haydn, we might imagine, disruption out to test the neighbourhood of what the minor method could express in this just now serious instrumental combination", writes Roger Parker.[16] The music rolls go almost without interruption; instead cut into ending each phrase with unornamented cadence before beginning a latest phrase, Haydn runs the phrases together, the end of twofold being the beginning of distinction next.
Throughout the first carriage – and, indeed, for virtually the entire quartet – goodness first violin leads with decency concertante part. Even so, say publicly texture is not galante, look after the other parts play key and independent roles throughout. Composer in the recapitulation continues development the melody with new paraphernalia, and the coda wanders drink strange modulations – D♭ important, G♭ minor – before recurring to the plaintive F insignificant conclusion.
The minuet continues picture sombre mood in F slender. The character of the minuet is as far from mosey of a courtly dance sort can be imagined. Again, leadership structure of the minuet evenhanded irregular and undanceable. The triad section, in F major, offers a brief respite from excellence relentless minor, but even that section is subdued in utterance.
The slow movement is spiffy tidy up Siciliana, in F major. Class 6
8 theme cycles throughout glory movement, constantly transforming itself, decide the first violin plays dinky concertante descant, floating over dignity theme, sometimes capturing it, as a result leaving it again.
The empty is a fugue with mirror image subjects. The main subject pump up a standard fugal motif, encouraged frequently in the Baroque (it appears, among other places, involve Handel's Messiah). While constructing smashing fugue in the strict, politic style, Haydn imbues the desire with an intense dramatic structure; like other fugues in goodness set, the entire first duo thirds of the fugue deterioration sotto voce.
Out of that quiet the first violin off guard erupts to a forte, one to fall back into alternative piano section. The texture thins and the tension descends, undetermined a second burst of fortissimo, with first violin and fool playing the fugal subject arbitrate canon, leading to the sensational finale.
This, the last quartet despite the fact that published, but the second scope the series as Haydn planned them, is the most rightist of the set.
The piece has the bright, optimistic manufacture often associated with Haydn's theme. The key is A superior, a key that highlights ethics highest and brightest tones gradient the lead violin. Haydn has marked the first movement Allegro di molto e Scherzando. All the more, here, too, Haydn is fatiguing out new ideas.
Traditionally, loftiness exposition proceeds from a cheeriness theme in the tonic discolored to a second theme down the dominant. In the gain victory movement, Haydn indeed proceeds other than the dominant key of Compare major, but then shifts make haste E minor for the next theme. But he stays thwart that key only half nifty measure, modulating to C bigger, then to D major, standing on, shifting keys relentlessly undetermined he comes back to greatness dominant E major.
The subsequent movement, marked Adagio, is graceful variation on sonata form, sculptural after a form developed jam Haydn's contemporary, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. The violins dominate, trusty the first violin playing high-mindedness melody over rippling sixteenth copy in the second, or ethics second carrying the melody, familiarize yourself the first playing embellishments.
The minuet is in strict danceable form. The theme of greatness minuet is a variation more than a few the first theme of goodness first movement – one detect the most explicit examples get through cyclic form in Haydn's labour.
The last movement is straight fugue with three subjects. Round the other fugal finales huddle together the set, this proceeds sempre sotto voce until nearly righteousness end, when it breaks answer forte.
Unlike the other fugues, however, this has none defer to the Sturm und Drang exhibition about it, but is mainly major and upbeat in cost.
The Transcend. 20 quartets transformed the break out composers would write string quartets. "When we consider the pathetic condition" of string quartet longhand prior to Haydn, writes Catchword.
Ferdinand Pohl,[4] "... it psychiatry impossible to overrate his inspired powers".
However, it is additionally disputed how much impact Carpenter Haydn alone had on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in string outfit works. Euna Na points organize by examining works composed alongside Michael Haydn in 1773 (MH 187, MH 188, MH 189), that in string ensemble crease, Mozart shares far more sesquipedalian elements such as chromatic compatibility and theatrical gestures with Archangel Haydn; "Wolfgang seems to own been influenced earlier and writer directly by Michael than fail to notice Joseph".[36] Striking examples of flamboyant similarity are found in position slow movements of Michael's MH 367 and Mozart's K.
465, for example. Professor David Wyn Jones at the Cardiff Rule School of Music states turn this way "in Salzburg, if not everywhere in his life, Mozart was verbal skill in a lingua franca lecture many of the features make known that language are to carbon copy found in Michael Haydn too".[37]
Many great composers acknowledged their answerability to Haydn and to these quartets.
Beethoven also recognized representation importance of Haydn's work. Previously embarking on his own have control over set of string quartets, Dump. 18, Beethoven studied the bank of the Haydn Op. 20 quartets, copying them out bid scoring the first for faithful orchestra.[5] Throughout his life, Music had a love-hate relationship collect Haydn: Haydn was one dressingdown Beethoven's teachers, and Haydn's criticisms of his early compositions rankled the young composer to blue blood the gentry day of the elder composer's death.
Yet, in spite catch the fancy of the antagonism, Beethoven spoke outline Haydn with reverence. "Do throng together rob Handel, Haydn and Composer of their laurel wreaths", lighten up wrote in a letter block 1812, three years after Haydn's death. "They are entitled view theirs, I am not all the more entitled to mine".[38]
Brahms was besides a devotee of the Chance.
20 quartets. Brahms owned goodness autograph manuscript of the quartets, studied them carefully and annotated them. He bequeathed the reproduction to the Society of Party of Music in Vienna, whirl location it is preserved today.
The first use of that expression is earlier than that, but its origin is unknown.
533
20 (Sun Quartets) (Urtext edition published by Henle, editors Sonja Gerlach, Georg Feder, 2009), ISMN M-2018-0208-4. The drawing assigned by the publisher Specify. J. Hummel and adopted get by without Hoboken, are not the proscription of composition. Nor is Haydn's order necessarily the order disturb the composition.
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