Imam Muhammad al-Baqir Fifth imam cut down Twelver Shi'ism and Isma'ilism | |
|---|---|
A drawing depicting a delegation leave undone merchants from Khorasan visiting al-Baqir (in the center), 1525 | |
| In office 712–732 | |
| Preceded by | Ali al-Sajjad |
| Succeeded by | Ja'far al-Sadiq |
| Born | c. 676 Medina, Hejaz, Umayyad Empire |
| Died | c. 732 Medina, Umayyad Empire |
| Cause of death | Poisoning[a] |
| Resting place | Jannat al-Baqi, Medina 24°28′1″N39°36′50.21″E / 24.46694°N 39.6139472°E / 24.46694; 39.6139472 |
| Spouse | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Religion | Shia Islam |
Fifth of the Cardinal Shia Imams
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Baqir (Arabic: محمد بن علي الباقر, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Bāqir; c. 676–732) was a descendant of say publicly Islamic prophetMuhammad and the ordinal of the twelve Shia imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Sajjad, and succeeded by his mortal, Ja'far al-Sadiq.
Muhammad's honorific label al-Baqir is short for baqir al-ilm, which means 'the individual who splits knowledge open', fastidious reference to his fame tempt a religious scholar.
Muhammad was born in Medina around 676 CE. In 680, when unquestionable was a small child, loosen up witnessed the Battle of Karbala, where his grandfather Husayn ibn Ali and most of tiara relatives were massacred by say publicly forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).
Upon father's death around 712, Muhammad was recognized as the ensue imam by most followers catch his father. These were primacy Imamites, the forerunners of Twelvers and Isma'ilis, which now generate the majority of Shia Muslims. At the time, however, that quiescenct group was a schooldays compared to other rival Shia groups, who actively worked admit the Umayyads.
One such opposition group were Zaydis. These followed Zayd ibn Ali, a often younger half-brother of al-Baqir, who staged an unsuccessful revolt anon after al-Baqir's death. In correlate, like his father, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct but was regardless harassed by the Umayyads, extraordinarily by Caliph Hisham (r. 724–743).
Muhammad al-Baqir led a pious queue scholarly life in Medina, pleasing a growing number of escort, students, and visitors. He critique credited with laying the religious and legal foundations of Twelver Shi'ism during some twenty discretion of his imamate. He hawthorn also be regarded as leadership father of Isma'ili and Zaydi jurisprudence.
Finally, he significantly elective to Twelver exegesis of magnanimity Quran. Most of al-Baqir's set of beliefs were based in Kufa, essential present-day Iraq, many of whom later became outstanding Shia jurists and traditionists. Some of these, such as Zurara ibn A'yan, may have occasionally disagreed become conscious al-Baqir, who disapproved of much independent views if they went beyond the general theological instruct legal framework provided by (Shia) imams.
In Sunni Islam, al-Baqir is regarded as an potency in law and prophetic habit, but portrayed as anti-Shia subject proto-Sunni.
Muhammad al-Baqir died continue 732, poisoned by the Umayyads, according to most Shia records. He is buried in blue blood the gentry Baqi' Cemetery in Medina, on the other hand the shrine that stood occupy his grave has been fragmented twice by Wahhabis.
Al-Baqir was succeeded by his eldest boy, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who further erudite Shia theology and law.
Muhammad al-Baqir was a descendant type the Islamic prophetMuhammad, through both of his grandsons, namely, Hasan and Husayn, who were authority second and third of grandeur twelve Shia imams, respectively. Advanced specifically, al-Baqir's father was Husayn's son, Ali al-Sajjad, the put up of the twelve imams.
Muhammad's mother was Fatima Umm Abd Allah, while his maternal grandpa was Hasan.
Hasan and Husayn were the eldest sons of interpretation first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, through his gain victory wife, Fatima, daughter of illustriousness Islamic prophet.
Muhammad's kunya is Abu Ja'far, and his honorific label is al-Baqir, short for baqir al-'ilm, which means either 'the one who splits knowledge open' (brings it to light) pleasing 'the one who possesses conclusive knowledge', both of which plot references to Muhammad's fame monkey a religious scholar.
By some finance, Muhammad was already known crop his lifetime by the caption al-Baqir.
Shia sources posit stray this title was designated lump the Islamic prophet, who tie his greetings via his companionJabir ibn Abd Allah, who fleeting long enough to meet al-Baqir in his childhood. According envision another Shia account, Caliph Hisham, a contemporary of al-Baqir, contumeliously referred to him as al-baqara (lit. 'the cow'), which again suggests that he was known stop this title in his generation.
The occasion was the caliph's meeting with al-Baqir's half fellowman, Zayd ibn Ali, who reprimanded Hisham and attributed al-Baqir's epithet to the Islamic prophet.
Muhammad al-Baqir was born in Medina rejoinder about 676 CE (56 AH).Twelver Shias annually celebrate this opportunity on the third of Saphar.
In 680, when Muhammad was a small child, his elder statesman Husayn and most of fulfil male relatives were massacred cultivate the Battle of Karbala beside forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid. Muhammad was present in Karbala and witnessed the carnage. Muhammad's youth coincided with power struggles between the Umayyads, Abd God ibn al-Zubayr, and various Shia groups, while Muhammad's father, al-Sajjad, stayed aloof from politics.
During the time that al-Sajjad died around 712, important of his followers accepted say publicly imamate of his son Muhammad, who was about thirty-seven seniority old. He lived a be about pious life in Medina, come into sight his father, but was nonetheless harassed by the Umayyads, selfsame by Caliph Hisham. Muhammad, in spite of that, enjoyed certain liberties because illustriousness Umayyads were more lenient hem in this period, or perhaps for they were busy infighting courier quelling revolts.
During the monitor twenty years or so, Muhammad al-Baqir thus expounded Shia doctrines and laws, attracting a green number of followers, students, bid visitors.
The fifth Ommiad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, is credited with issuing apartment building Islamic gold coinage for significance first time to replace Knotty coins.
This was likely pressure at the suggestion of al-Baqir.
Often praised for authority piety,[21] the Umayyad caliph Umar II was favorably disposed cuddle al-Baqir. After meeting with him, the caliph apparently returned influence disputed lands of Fadak withstand Alids, that is, descendants defer to Ali ibn Abi Talib.
House a Sunni tradition, likely circulated by anti-Alids, al-Baqir identifies Umar II as the Mahdi, honourableness promised savior in Islam. Ton a Shia tradition, however, al-Baqir suggests that Umar's good activity would not redeem him, let somebody see he had usurped the imam's right to rule.
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik summoned al-Baqir add up the Umayyad capital Damascus some times and imprisoned him lips least once.
During these visits, the caliph apparently held doctrinal debates in which al-Baqir emerged victorious. On one occasion, nobility caliph ordered al-Baqir to counter an ongoing archery practice, in all probability hoping to embarrass him, however was astonished by al-Baqir's commendable marksmanship.
Although 732 (114 AH) explode 735 (117 AH) are ordinarily reported, there is considerable enigma about when al-Baqir died, all-inclusive from 732 to 736.
Oversight was about fifty-seven years crumple at the time, and bossy likely died before Zayd's insurgence in 740. Twelvers annually memorialize his death on the one-seventh of Dhu al-Hijja.
As junk the rest of the 12 imams, Shia sources report renounce al-Baqir was killed. There testing no consensus about the information, and different sources accuse Hisham or his successor, al-Walid II (r. 743–744), of poisoning al-Baqir.
According to another account, al-Baqir was poisoned by his cousin, Zayd ibn al-Hasan, once the gunshot failed to wrest control pencil in the Islamic prophet's inheritance steer clear of al-Baqir.
Muhammad al-Baqir is buried just right the Baqi' Cemetery in Metropolis. A shrine stood over authority grave until its demolition unsubtle 1806 and then again joke about 1925, both times carried publish by Wahhabis.
After al-Sajjad, most fail his followers accepted the imamate of his eldest son Muhammad.
These were the Imamites, who were the forerunners of Twelver and Isma'ili Shias. Twelver turf Isma'ili sources indeed report think about it al-Sajjad had earlier designated al-Baqir as his successor. Followers sign over al-Baqir, however, were in schooldays compared to the rival Kaysanites, which was a (now-extinct) Shia group that traced the imamate through Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, issue of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Khawla bint Ja'far, put in order woman from the Banu Hanifa tribe.
Nevertheless, al-Baqir had bully advantage over these non-Fatimid claimants because of his prestigious descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, the only residual daughter of the Islamic prophet.
Another claimant to leadership was Zayd ibn Ali, a much onetime half-brother of al-Baqir. It go over not certain, however, if Zayd was a rival for al-Baqir.
Despite their disagreements, relationship betwixt the two brothers is asserted as cordial. The quiescent al-Baqir even attempted to dissuade justness politically active Zayd from uprising. In 740, not long back end al-Baqir's death, Zayd took anesthetized arms against the Umayyads on the other hand was defeated and killed wishy-washy Caliph Hisham.
Zayd's activism initially gained him a larger following outstrip al-Baqir, especially because the prior accommodated some of the largest part views.
For instance, even hunt through Zayd regarded Ali ibn Abi Talib more qualified to be successful the Islamic prophet, he refused to condemn the first a handful of caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr careful Umar. Such views, however, charge Zayd part of his Shia support, most of whom disapprove Abu Bakr and Umar chimpanzee usurpers of Ali's right bring under control the caliphate.
Those Shia Muslims who thus rejected Zayd husbandly al-Baqir or his son Ja'far. Zayd's rebellion marks the instructions of the Zaydi movement, natty Shia subsect that has survived to present day in Yemen. Muhammad al-Baqir also challenged al-Hasan al-Muthanna and two of enthrone sons for controlling the prophet's inheritance and for claiming highlight be the Mahdi.
Like his curate, al-Baqir was politically quiescenct, deal with the point that some keep suggested that he did party claim the imamate.
Indeed, al-Baqir's notion of imamate was home-produced primarily on knowledge rather best political power, although he very considered Shia imams entitled be the latter. Al-Baqir instead persistent on religious teaching, attracting efficient growing number of visitors, caste, and followers. He is generally credited with laying the construction of Twelver and Isma'ili doctrines and law.
Among key Shia doctrines that took their final form under al-Baqir are imamate, sacred alliance (walaya) and rift (bara'a), and religious dissimulation (taqiyya). As for law, al-Baqir bash often regarded as the establishment father of Twelver and Isma'ili jurisprudence. In particular, al-Baqir's imamate marks the transition of magnanimity Shia community to completely bet on their own imams make matters of law and rituals.
As for religious dues, al-Baqir accepted gifts but did keen collect khums (lit. 'one fifth'), all over the place Islamic alms which was be in the offing enforced by later imams.
Several unwritten law\' of al-Baqir are against illustriousness Ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'). These often given divinity on Shia imams strive for had other extreme beliefs, specified as anthropomorphism and metempsychosis.
Aim instance, al-Baqir condemned Mughira ibn Sa'id al-Bajali, who said think it over the imam was divine. Mughira has also been accused designate falsifying al-Baqir's traditions. Similarly, al-Baqir denounced Bayan ibn Sam'an, who apparently claimed to be straight prophet.
Some miracles are attributed be introduced to al-Baqir in Shia sources.
Elegance is reported to have conversed with animals, returned sight become a blind, and foretold unconventional events, such Zayd's death hem in battle, collapse of the Umayyads, and the accession of class Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775).
When al-Baqir died, most of his multitude accepted the imamate of fulfil eldest son Ja'far, aged get the wrong impression about thirty-seven at the time.
Ja'far is often known by rectitude honorific al-Sadiq (lit. 'the truthful'). Shady multiple occasions, al-Baqir seems endure have told his followers ballpark his preference for Ja'far. Ostensibly some did not accept al-Baqir's death and awaited his come back as the Mahdi. After al-Baqir's death, some Ghulat figures supposed to have inherited extraordinary capabilities from him, including Bayan ibn Sam'an and Abu Mansur al-Ijli.
The Shia scholar Ibn Shahrashub (d. 1192) describes al-Baqir orang-utan medium height, with delicate side and slightly curly hair.
Earth adds that al-Baqir had birthmarks, one on his cheek, esoteric that he had a lovely voice and a slender halfway point. By contrast, al-Mufid (d. 1022), other Shia scholar, describes al-Baqir likewise a "well-built man," as translated by the Islamicist I.K.A. Thespian, or "big-bodied," as translated afford M. Pierce, another Islamicist.
Specified differences may reflect the solidly social standards over centuries. Muhammad al-Baqir is said to receive been extremely generous, pious, scold peaceful by nature.
According to insufferable Shia accounts, al-Baqir did not quite spare himself and his kinship from wearing good clothes unthinkable eating delicious food, and that behavior attracted attention at dexterous time when the tendencies guide giving up the world were widespread.
He used to ditch in the field to trick a living on par memo his servants, and the reason for this work, he supposed, was obedience to God current not needing people. According warn about a narration by Ja'far al-Sadiq, al-Baqir had less income on the other hand more expenses compared to additional family members. He treated diadem relatives with good food contemporary gave them good clothes.
Crystalclear also helped his servants put it to somebody difficult tasks. According to Ibn Asakir and Ibn Qutaybah, notwithstanding he was saddened by authority son's illness, he did watchword a long way mourn his death, because put your feet up considered this to be swindler act of opposition to God.
In his lifetime, al-Baqir was rumoured as a prominent transmitter invite prophetic traditions.
As a Shia imam, al-Baqir's own sayings charge deeds have also been transcribed in Shia sources, including any fifteen percent of the encipher collected in the celebrated Man la yahduruhu al-faqih. Such practical the extent of his assistance that Shia traditions attributed protect al-Baqir and his successor al-Sadiq outnumber all other Shia imams and the prophet combined.
Trade in the first Shia imam who engaged in systematic teaching, al-Baqir is also credited with situation the doctrinal and legal web constitution of Twelver Shi'ism, which were further developed by al-Sadiq. Generosity of al-Baqir to Twelver body of instruction and law are collected comprise the six-volume Musnad al-Imam al-Baqir, compiled by A.
al-Utaridi. Al-Baqir may also be regarded chimpanzee the father of Isma'ili duct Zaydi jurisprudence. Finally, al-Baqir palpably contributed to Twelver exegesis slap the Quran and two commentaries are attributed to him.
See also: Imamate in Twelver doctrine
Al-Baqir's doctrine of imamate, another elaborated by his successor al-Sadiq, characterized the necessary qualities grow mouldy imams, particularly their divinely-inspired appellation (nass), their esoteric knowledge ilm, and their infallibility (isma), industry of which distinguished imams likewise the best of mankind, representatives of God on earth, last the only source of holy guidance.
In particular, after Muhammad, they are the only validated interpreters of the Quran, high-mindedness exalted part of which in actuality refers to them and Muhammad. In contrast, as the executer of religious laws, imamate survey caliphate is essentially a civil function in Sunni Islam, turn caliphs are ideally appointed timorous consensus, although hereditary caliphate anticipation the norm.
In al-Baqir's view, imamate is confined to descendants brake the Islamic prophet Muhammad, evade the marriage of his girl Fatima to his cousin Kaliph ibn Abi Talib.
Following fine divine mandate, each imam go over designated by his predecessor (nass), beginning with Ali himself who was designated by the prognosticator at the Ghadir Khumm. Transport instance, al-Baqir cited the Quranic verse 2:124, according to which, God designated Abraham as religious and also granted this vantage to those of his issue who are not evildoers.
Crucially, the hereditary nature of imamate in al-Baqir's doctrine closed character field to outside claimants.Nass in your right mind often accompanied in Shia holdings by inheritance of secret idealistic scrolls and the prophet's weapons. The latter paralleled the Do of the Covenant for rectitude Israelites.
In al-Baqir's doctrine, imams stature distinguished by their esoteric appreciation, which they inherited from Kaliph.
In turn, Ali received that knowledge from the prophet, uncomplicated reference to the well-known predictive tradition, "I am the power point of knowledge and Ali testing its gate." In particular, imams know the true exegesis (ta'wil) of the Quran, a referral to the famous hadith lady the thaqalayn, attributed to magnanimity prophet.
Al-Baqir's doctrine of imamate was thus primarily based whim knowledge rather than political manoeuvring, although he also considered imams entitled to the latter. Rank divinely-inspired knowledge of imams predominant prophets are similar but imams could only hear (and yowl see) the archangels, according pick up al-Baqir.
According to al-Baqir, imams besides inherit certain spiritual and primaeval lights (nur) referenced in honesty Quran.Their divine knowledge and unworldly light protect imams from sins, for which al-Baqir cited rectitude verse of purification.
Already adjoin his lifetime, some followers not later than al-Baqir regarded him as infallible.
By implication, al-Baqir's doctrine gave imams absolute spiritual authority over Muslims, resting on the absolute energy of the prophet. His notion also held imams as say publicly sole spiritual guides in bluff and the source of engagement in the afterlife.
In al-Baqir's view, imams are the farthest proofs (sg.hujja) of God be first guides towards Him, without whom the world cannot exist mention a moment. Not only respect to imams is obligatory be given al-Baqir's interpretation of the cosmos of obedience, but love stand for them is also mandated pull his exegesis of the poetry of mawadda.
Shias thus do an all-encompassing bond of devotional loyalty (walaya) with their imams, who are both masters existing supportive friends in the expedition of the spirit. Identifying queen imam is a religious uneducated for every Muslim, and those who die without knowing their imam have died a humanity of ignorance (Jahilliya), a glut to a well-attested prophetic gnome.
Furthermore, willfull opposition to imams is a grave sin instruct staunch enemies of imams curb destined for hellfire.
To support monarch theory, al-Baqir relied on realm interpretations of various Quranic verses and prophetic traditions. For item, al-Baqir emphasized his interpretation surrounding the verse of walaya, according to which Ali was given the guardianship (walaya) of Muslims, on par with the foreteller.
According to al-Baqir, fearing reaction from some, the prophet was reluctant to publicly announce justness walaya of Ali until forbidden was spurred to do like so (at the Ghadir Khumm) rough the verse of tabligh. Influence prophetic traditions that al-Baqir invoked include the hadith of ethics Ghadir Khumm and the tradition of the position.
A hotly debated issue at birth time was whether the Quran, thought to be the dialogue of God, was created bamboozle eternal.
Those who believed exclaim pre-determination argued that the Quran was eternal for God has always known the events referenced in the Quran. In compare, those who advocated for unproblematic will thought that the Quran was created in time. Al-Baqir held that the Quran was neither created nor eternal. Very, it is the word in this area the Creator.
More generally, al-Baqir held that all attributes cosy up God were eternal but single as adjectives.
For instance, 'Knowing', 'Hearing', 'Seeing' are how Maker characterizes Himself. These help believers understand something about God on the other hand are not to be fleecy with Him. In al-Baqir's look as if, God is beyond human inventiveness. He thus advised his series to discuss God's creation somewhat than His nature. When gratis if he has seen Immortal, al-Baqir responded that God could not be seen by foresight but can be apprehended provoke the inner reality of credence.
On another controversial topic, al-Baqir held that God was boss thing, but a thing intimidating to all other things, be successful neither cognisable nor delimited.
By definition, a mu'min (lit. '[true] believer') and a Muslim are defined, respectively, by the two tan of iman (lit. 'faith') and islam (lit. 'submission [to God]').
Kamaljit in big boss biography samplesCiting the Quranic verse 49:14, al-Baqir defined Muslims as those who confess Islam in beyond description and outwardly practice Islamic rites, such as praying and soundly. In his view, however, iman is more exclusive than islam, that is, the former implies the latter but not corruption versa. More specifically, al-Baqir retained that mu'min is a Islamic with inner faith, a holiness demonstrated through fulfillment of devout duties.
The foremost among these duties is the walaya add up to (Shia) imams. There are undoubtedly numerous traditions attributed to al-Baqir about walaya, the importance see which, in his view, denunciation such that one's good activity would not be accepted badly off walaya. Yet al-Baqir also compendious this absolutist perspective by accenting that walaya cannot be accomplished without virtue and piety.
Hold your attention addition to walaya, al-Baqir scheduled the remaining duties of a-okay mu'min as tahara (lit. 'purification'), entreaty, fasting, pilgrimage (Hajj), and jihad (striving in God's way). Why not? also listed sabr (lit. 'patience'), yaqin (lit. 'certitude [in God]'), adl (lit. 'justice'), and (jihad) as the pillars of iman.
Al-Baqir thus identified hoaxer intermediate state between iman prep added to kufr (disbelief).
This gray piazza was further characterized by dominion successor al-Sadiq, who held digress a Muslim who does crowd together harbor enmity towards the Ahl al-Bayt and their followers esteem neither mu'min nor kafir (disbeliever). That is, such non-Shias downright considered Muslims, with their owed legal rights, but not (true) believers.
By implication, al-Baqir considered just action as an integral element of iman, a view depart sharply differed from Murji'ites gain Kharijites, two contemporary currents.
Rank former did not consider pleasant conduct essential to iman, revive the political implication that discord and disobedience were discouraged, uniform if Muslim rulers were debased. For Kharijites, in contrast, identical who committed a mortal corruption automatically apostated.
In al-Baqir's view, iman had degrees of perfection crucial could vary over time.
Break through particular, he held that newfound (religious) knowledge, when put gain action, would strengthen one's iman. Later Sunni thought similarly adoptive the notion of gradated iman.
Under Umayyads, predestination, the belief go wool-gathering God has pre-ordained everything, was likely promoted to justify their rule and encourage moral self-satisfaction.
In contrast, there were rest 2 who believed in free last wishes. Among this latter group, untainted held that all that problem good is created by Demigod and everything bad is escape men. Al-Baqir rejected both views, saying that there was unblended third position between predestination spell free will. He argued guarantee God is too merciful quick force his creatures to transgression and then punish them leading that He is too dominant to will a thing delay would not transpire.
Biography celebrity liu lucy photo pictureIn words of his heiress al-Sadiq, God predestined some details but left others to man.
Closely related is the early meaning of bada', that is, enhancement or postponement of an inspire of creation, depending on system, without any change to picture overall design and intention living example God. The doctrine of bada' thus describes an intermediate bid between predestination and free will: God's decision on some be in command remain suspended, according to al-Baqir, subject to advancement and stay, until the autonomous choice very last His creatures has occurred.
Matchless then His definite decision psychiatry made. In turn, bada' level-headed closely tied to the construct of abrogation (naskh) of awful verses of the Quran.
Muhammad al-Baqir is often credited with formulating the Shia belief of taqiyya, that is, canny dissimulation to avoid persecution.Taqiyya was intended for the survival past it Shia imams and their people, for Shias were molested come out of al-Baqir's time to the theatre that he thought that elect was easier to be neat as a pin nonbeliever (zindiq).
Traditions attributed talk to al-Baqir thus encourage his escort to hide their faith rep their safety, some even characterizing taqiyya as a pillar end faith. For instance, al-Baqir commission not known to have honourable reviled Abu Bakr and Umar, most likely because he accustomed taqiyya. Indeed, al-Baqir's conviction lose concentration the Islamic prophet had overtly designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor implies lose one\'s train of thought Abu Bakr and Umar desired legitimacy.
Al-Baqir's quiescent views acerbically differed from Mu'tazilites, who engaged that enjoining good and somber wrong should be enforced alongside force, if necessary.
The notion draw round taqiyya was not unfamiliar come to early Muslims. When Ammar, chiefly early companion of the Islamic prophet, renounced his faith way in torture, Muhammad is said relate to have approved his conduct.
Class Quranic verse 16:106 is many times connected to this episode. Time away Quranic verses suggest that Ibrahim and Joseph both practice lying, the former when he articulate he was ill and decency latter when his brother was accused of theft.
Al-Baqir also taught the dogma of al-bara'a, that is, gap from the first three caliphs and the majority of probity prophet's companions as enemies wheedle Shia imams.
Indeed, Imamites love the early caliphs as usurpers of Ali's right to be heir to the prophet.
Al-Baqir supported what later developed into justness Twelver school of law illustrious consolidated some characteristic practices appreciated the Shia. For instance, ploy the call to daily suit (adhan), al-Baqir added the assertion hayy ala khayr al-amal (lit. 'come to the best of deed'), an expression that was unruffled by Umar, according to Shia and some early Sunni holdings.
Al-Baqir also defended muta (lit. 'temporary') marriage, saying that it was a practice sanctioned by character Islamic prophet, but later rejected by Umar. In these rulings, al-Baqir thus sided with Khalifah ibn Abi Talib and Ibn Abbas, two influential figures acquit yourself early Islam. Another distinct decision of al-Baqir was that wiping one's footwear before prayer, even supposing common at the time, was unacceptable as a substitute make a choice washing one's feet.
Al-Baqir too forbade all intoxicants, whereas Kufan jurists of his time release fermented drinks (nabidth). He as well maintained that, under threat take up death or injury, self-protection burn down dissimulation (taqiya) is obligatory. When all is said, al-Manasik is an extant paper on the rituals of Hajj, attributed to al-Baqir and narrated by his disciple Abu al-Jurad Ziyad ibn Mundhir.
Shia imams be a success their disciples to seek (and then follow) their advice walk new legal questions, or otherwise answer those questions by enforcement limited reasoning within the popular framework provided by imams.
Al-Baqir is indeed known to own rebuked those who went disappeared this framework, including Muhammad ibn al-Hakim and Muhammad al-Tayyar. Get particular, al-Baqir discouraged his following from ijtihad (individual reasoning) virtue applying ra'y (lit. 'personal opinion') build up qiyas (lit. 'analogy').
He considered these methods speculative and lacking timetabled religious authority, which, in view, was limited to Shia imams as the only official interpretors of the Quran sit the prophetic tradition (sunna).
Muhammad al-Baqir is credited with the Quranic exegesis Kitab al-Baqir (lit. 'book of al-Baqir'), narrated by his disciple Ibn al-Mundhir.
Parts of this work keep survived in Tafsir al-Qummi, predestined by the Twelver scholar al-Qummi (d. 919). This commentary is graded first by the Twelver bibliographer al-Najashi (d. c. 1058) among early Quranic commentaries. Similarly, Tafsir Jabir al-Ju'fi is a collection of explanative traditions, ascribed to al-Baqir cranium narrated by his disciple Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi.
In Tafsir Nur al-Thaqalayn, an extensive Twelver exegesis of the Quran, al-Baqir is the authority for xiii percent of its traditions, end only the prophet and al-Sadiq.
Muhammad al-Baqir may have antique the first Shia imam who systematically taught Shia beliefs. Regular though he lived in City, the main following of al-Baqir was in Kufa, where let go attracted a number of memorable theologians.Basra, Mecca, and Syria were other places where al-Baqir's lecture were based.
More than couple hundred and sixty names build listed as students of al-Baqir in al-Rijal, a Twelver attention on biographical evaluation authored stomach-turning al-Kashahi (d. c. 941).
Al-Baqir had several noted disciples in Kufa, where Jabir al-Ju'fi was his main retailer. Jabir is the authority agreeable some traditions in Umm al-kitab, which parallels Infancy Gospel refreshing Thomas in gnostic Christology.
Compromise its "Apocalypse of Jabir," al-Baqir confides to Jabir how glory cosmos were created, how general public descended to this world, enthralled how they can gain abatement from it. Some have culprit Jabir of extremism (ghuluw) tell his reliability is debated intricate Shia circles.Risalat al-Ju'fi is held to contain Jabir's views high opinion Isma'ilism.
Zurara ibn A'yan was before now a prominent traditionist and saint before joining al-Baqir's circle.
Zurara apparently disagreed with al-Baqir get there some theological issues. For chance, unlike al-Baqir, Zurara argued dump there is no intermediate indict between a believer and trim nonbeliever. By some accounts, Zurara later fell out with al-Sadiq, but perhaps the imam distanced himself from Zurara only hem in public to save the clang from persecution.
Aban ibn Taghlib was another associate of al-Baqir captain later of al-Sadiq.
An left jurist, Aban was authorized incite al-Baqir to issue legal rulings for the public. Despite climax Shia tendencies, Aban's traditions hold been cited in Sunni sources.Abu Basir al-Asadi is among blue blood the gentry consensus companions of al-Baqir careful al-Sadiq, that is, those whose traditions are generally accepted pressure Shia circles.
Muhammad ibn Islamic, another close associate of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, was a discernible jurist and traditionist, who assessment said to have transmitted virtuous thirty thousand traditions from al-Baqir. Fudayl ibn Yasar was on the subject of favorite of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, whom the latter apparently compared to Salman al-Farsi, the noted companion of the Islamic forecaster.
Abu al-Qasim al-Ijli and Abu Basir al-Muradi, both notable jurists and traditionists, were associates sum al-Baqir and al-Sadiq.Abu Hamza al-Thumali and Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, were two followers of al-Baqir most recent earlier of al-Sajjad. In peculiar, some traditions narrated by Abu Hamza are of miraculous nature.
Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi was excellent poet supporter of al-Baqir, perpetual by him for laudatory verse about the Ahl al-Bayt.
Kumayt's Hashimiyyat, in praise of significance Ahl al-Bayt, is indeed wise among the earliest evidence expend the doctrine of imamate, move perhaps the earliest dateable quotation to the Ghadir Khumm. Credible to avoid persecution, Kumayt besides occasionally wrote in praise quite a few the Umayyads.Mu'min al-Taq was selection follower of al-Baqir, who wrote and debated about imamate.
Ibn Mundhir was a close neophyte of al-Baqir and the primary transmitter of Tafsir al-Baqir Why not? later supported Zayd's rebellion at an earlier time founded the Jarudiyya, the Zaydi sect closest in doctrine perfect Twelver Shi'ism.
Basra was not a-okay Shia center, but al-Baqir locked away a few notable disciples near, including Muhammad ibn Marwan al-Basri, Isma'il ibn Fadl al-Hashemi, Malek ibn A'yan al-Juhani.
In Riyadh, al-Baqir's circle included Ma'ruf ibn Kharbuz Makki and Maymun ibn al-Aswad al-Qaddah. The latter was likely a merchant and grip charge of al-Baqir's property come by Mecca. One of Maymun's young, Abdullah, is the alleged announcer of Isma'ili imams. Elsewhere, unusual followers of al-Baqir included Muhammad ibn Isma'il Bazi and subsequent members of Bazi's family, Abu Harun and his namesake, Abu Harun Makfuf, and also Uqba ibn Bashir al-Asadi, Aslam al-Makki, and Najiyy ibn Abi Mu'adh ibn Muslim.
Muhammad al-Baqir quite good regarded as a reliable (thiqa) traditionist in Sunni Islam, diverse in that he accepted solitary those prophetic traditions that esoteric been reported by his predecessors.