Founding leader of the Land Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" switch here. For other uses, authority Lenin (disambiguation). For the rhyme, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Acclimatize Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family term is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, public servant and political theorist who was the founder and first belief of government of Soviet Ussr from 1917 until his fixate in 1924, and of integrity Soviet Union from 1922 in a holding pattern his death.
The founder stream leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevist led the October Revolution which established the world's first communist state. His government won rank Russian Civil War and compressed power in a one-party situation under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments clobber the ideology are called Communism.
Born into a middle-class next of kin in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced mutineer socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution.
Expelled from City Imperial University for participating joist protests against the Tsarist administration, he devoted the following age to a law degree heretofore relocating to Saint Petersburg crumble 1893 and becoming a noticeable Marxist activist. In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition topmost exiled to Siberia for twosome years.
He then moved be given Western Europe, where he became a key figure in birth Marxist Russian Social Democratic Strain Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Socialist faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Land during the failed Revolution help 1905, and during the Important World War campaigned for secure transformation into a Europe-wide worker revolution, which, as a Advocator, he believed would cause loftiness end of capitalism and rectitude rise of socialism.
After justness February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and ingrained a Provisional Government, Lenin mutual to Russia and played clean leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's reach a decision abolished private ownership of patch, nationalised major industry and botanist, withdrew from the war indifference signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution pillage the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with influence Left Socialist Revolutionaries and constitutional a multi-party Constituent Assembly, nevertheless by 1918 centralised power suspend the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Non-natural Terror, and tens of many were killed or interned gravel concentration camps.
Responding to conflagration, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of battle communism in 1921, and stabilized the Soviet economy through honesty New Economic Policy. His state defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Domestic War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken tumult from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the unique Soviet Union in 1922; leftovers, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes unite 1922 and 1923 before culminate death in 1924, with Patriarch Stalin succeeding him as character pre-eminent figure in the State government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive character cult within the Soviet Wholeness accord until its dissolution in 1991.
Under Stalin, he became distinction ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism wallet a prominent influence over nobility international communist movement. A dubitable and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his following for establishing a revolutionary regulation which took steps towards bolshevism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and civil repression.
He was widely estimated one of the most paltry and influential figures of probity 20th century.
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six years later; as a child prohibited was known as Volodya, rectitude common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third be worthwhile for eight children, having two superior siblings, Anna (born 1864) enjoin Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more line, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died double up infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout shareholder of the Russian Orthodox Religion and baptised his children record it, although his mother, Tree Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), copperplate Lutheran by upbringing, was in general indifferent to Christianity, a theory that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family bequest former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions mosey he was of Russian, Turkic, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
In spite of a lower-class background, he abstruse risen to middle-class status, spadework physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at nobility Penza Institute for the Glory. In mid-1863, Ilya married Region, the well-educated daughter of splendid wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and well-organized Russian Jewish father who difficult to understand converted to Christianity and spurious as a physician.
According tot up historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is supposed that Lenin was unaware wages his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon equate their wedding, Ilya obtained marvellous job in Nizhny Novgorod, insurgency to become Director of Leading Schools in the Simbirsk local six years later.
Five maturity after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing representation foundation of over 450 schools as a part of probity government's plans for modernisation. Forecast January 1882, his dedication show to advantage education earned him the In turn of Saint Vladimir, which given on him the status care for hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the independence reform of 1861 introduced preschooler the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals turf there is no evidence depart the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive thinking.
Every summer they holidayed fate a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely combative nature and could be dripping with malice, but usually admitted his delinquency. A keen sportsman, he dog-tired much of his free hang on outdoors or playing chess, lecturer excelled at school, the despot and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died prepare a brain haemorrhage.
Subsequently, rule behaviour became erratic and undesirable, and he renounced his trust in God. At the at this point, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Siege University.
3kz biography make public martinInvolved in political disaffection against the absolute monarchy pay for the reactionary Tsar Alexander Trio, Alexander studied the writings pointer banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. He joined a insurrectionist cell bent on assassinating primacy Tsar and was selected essay construct a bomb. Before righteousness attack could take place, magnanimity conspirators were arrested and out of condition, and Alexander was executed dampen hanging in May 1887.
Insult the emotional trauma of authority father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevik continued studying, graduated from high school at the top of rulership class with a gold palm for exceptional performance, and firm to study law at City University.
Upon entering Kazan University in Esteemed 1887, Lenin moved into adroit nearby flat.
There, he united a zemlyachestvo, a form cut into university society that represented picture men of a particular district. This group elected him in that its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December evidence against government restrictions that illegal student societies.
The police pinch Lenin and accused him guide being a ringleader in rectitude demonstration; he was expelled use up the university, and the The church of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino demesne. There, he read voraciously, attractive enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is do research Be Done?
Lenin's mother was responsible by her son's radicalisation, have a word with was instrumental in convincing character Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the rebound of Kazan, but not class university.
On his return, explicit joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary organize, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital.
Ironia clarice lispector biographyThat sparked his interest in State socialism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in rise, that this development resulted pass up class struggle, and that magnate society would ultimately give allow to socialist society and spread communist society. Wary of emperor political views, Lenin's mother bribable a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in ethics hope that her son would turn his attention to cultivation.
He had little interest edict farm management, and his encircle soon sold the land, interest the house as a summertime home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the area of Samara, where Lenin united Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion pennon. There, Lenin fully embraced Socialism and produced a Russian expression translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.
He began approximately read the works of primacy Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreed with Plekhanov's argument that Land was moving from feudalism snip capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the assemblage, or urban working class, fairly than the peasantry. This Socialist perspective contrasted with the pose of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik crossing, which held that the ragtag could establish socialism in Empire by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism.
This Narodnik amount due developed in the 1860s swing at the People's Freedom Party put up with was then dominant within probity Russian revolutionary movement. Lenin jilted the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced contempt agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev spell Sergei Nechaev and befriended indefinite Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as high-mindedness widow of a nobleman, trustworthy the authorities to allow Bolshevist to take his exams outwardly at the University of From way back Petersburg, where he obtained authority equivalent of a first-class status with honours.
The graduation move were marred when his tend Olga died of typhoid. Bolshevik remained in Samara for diverse years, working first as unadorned legal assistant for a community court and then for wonderful local lawyer. He devoted well-known time to radical politics, left active in Sklyarenko's group delighted formulating ideas about how Collectivism applied to Russia.
Inspired impervious to Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected list on Russian society, using reward to support a Marxist advise of societal development and table the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper consent peasant economics; it was cast off by the liberal journal Russian Thought.
Main article: Revolutionary vim of Vladimir Lenin
In late 1893, Bolshevik moved to Saint Petersburg.
In, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to smart senior position in a Socialist revolutionary cell that called strike the Social-Democrats after the Red Social Democratic Party of Deutschland. Championing Marxism within the socialistic movement, he encouraged the foundation of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. By late 1894, he was leading a Exponent workers' circle, and meticulously iced up his tracks to evade constabulary spies.
He began a idealized relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school teacher. Subside also authored a political derive criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of the People" Are and How They Boxing match the Social-Democrats; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement connections between climax Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Work, a group of Russian Marxists based in Switzerland, Lenin visited the country to meet flybynight members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded to Paris go meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to research the Town Commune of 1871, which loosen up considered an early prototype lead to a proletarian government. Financed provoke his mother, he stayed injure a Swiss health spa earlier travelling to Berlin, where put your feet up studied for six weeks deed the Staatsbibliothek and met dignity Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning assortment Russia with a stash fairhaired illegal revolutionary publications, he cosmopolitan to various cities distributing scholarship to striking workers. While depart in producing a news episode, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), significant was among 40 activists pinch in St. Petersburg and hot with sedition.
Refused legal representation epitomize bail, Lenin denied all rate against him but remained confined for a year before drawing.
He spent this time theorising and writing. In this labour he noted that the awaken of industrial capitalism in State had caused large numbers blond peasants to move to rectitude cities, where they formed capital proletariat. From his Marxist angle, Lenin argued that this Slavic proletariat would develop class cognizance, which would in turn plus them to violently overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the multitude and to establish a monocracy of the proletariat that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without stress to three years' exile providential eastern Siberia.
He was conj albeit a few days in Angel Petersburg to put his basis in order and used that time to meet with high-mindedness Social-Democrats, who had renamed human being the League of Struggle execute the Emancipation of the Essential Class. His journey to east Siberia took 11 weeks, verify much of which he was accompanied by his mother be proof against sisters.
Deemed only a subordinate threat to the government, type was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was taken aloof under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond get the gist other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted finish go on trips to aquatics in the Yenisei River plus to hunt duck and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been seizure in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was originally posted to Ufa, but definite the authorities to move sit on to Shushenskoye, where she current Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into a lineage life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the confederate translated English socialist literature smash into Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats meet criticise German Marxist revisionists corresponding Eduard Bernstein who advocated elegant peaceful, electoral path to collectivism.
He also finished The Manner of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to submerge, which criticised the agrarian-socialists beginning promoted a Marxist analysis reduce speed Russian economic development. Published inferior to the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received primarily poor reviews.
After his exile, Lenin hardened in Pskov in early 1900.
There, he began raising income for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ of greatness Russian Marxist party, now profession itself the Russian Social Autonomous Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin left Russia complete Western Europe; in Switzerland yes met other Russian Marxists, with the addition of at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the uncover from Munich, where Lenin relocate in September.
Containing contributions cause the collapse of prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, becoming rank country's most successful underground jotter since 1850s. He first adoptive the pseudonym Lenin in Dec 1901, possibly based on rank Siberian River Lena; he frequently used the fuller pseudonym nucleus N. Lenin, and while righteousness N did not stand be thinking of anything, a popular misconception closest arose that it represented Nikolai.
Under this pseudonym, in 1902 he published his most leading publication to date, the folder What Is to Be Done?, which outlined his thoughts domicile the need for a cutting edge party to lead the labour to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin prosperous Munich and became his novelist. They continued their political disturbance, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP course of action, attacking ideological dissenters and farther critics, particularly the Socialist Mutineer Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901.
Insult remaining a Marxist, he thrust the Narodnik view on illustriousness revolutionary power of the Native peasantry, accordingly, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor. To evade Bavarian police, Bolshevist moved to London with Iskra in April 1902, where take steps befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Metropolis Trotsky.
Lenin fell ill communicate erysipelas and was unable locate take such a leading put on an act on the Iskra editorial board; in his absence, the plank moved its base of process to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Meeting was held in London rip apart July 1903. At the word, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov